Genetic control of fungal differentiation: The three sporulation pathways of <i>Neurospora crassa</i>

Springer, Matthew L.

doi:10.1002/bies.950150602

Cited by 159 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Neurospora grows vegetatively by apical extension of basal hyphae (for review, see Springer, 1993;Borkovich et al, 2004). Hyphae fuse and branch to form a multicellular web-like structure, the mycelium.…”

Section: ⌬Rrg-1 Strains Resemble Os Mutants During Vegetativementioning

confidence: 99%

The Response Regulator RRG-1 Functions Upstream of a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Impacting Asexual Development, Female Fertility, Osmotic Stress, and Fungicide Resistance inNeurospora crassa

Jones

Greer‐Phillips²,

Borkovich

2007

MBoC

105

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Two-component systems, consisting of proteins with histidine kinase and/or response regulator domains, regulate environmental responses in bacteria, Archaea, fungi, slime molds, and plants. Here, we characterize RRG-1, a response regulator protein from the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. The cell lysis phenotype of ⌬rrg-1 mutants is reminiscent of osmotic-sensitive (os) mutants, including nik-1/os-1 (a histidine kinase) and strains defective in components of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway: os-4 (MAPK kinase kinase), os-5 (MAPK kinase), and os-2 (MAPK). Similar to os mutants, ⌬rrg-1 strains are sensitive to hyperosmotic conditions, and they are resistant to the fungicides fludioxonil and iprodione. Like os-5, os-4, and os-2 mutants, but in contrast to nik-1/os-1 strains, ⌬rrg-1 mutants do not produce female reproductive structures (protoperithecia) when nitrogen starved. OS-2-phosphate levels are elevated in wild-type cells exposed to NaCl or fludioxonil, but they are nearly undetectable in ⌬rrg-1 strains. OS-2-phosphate levels are also low in ⌬rrg-1, os-2, and os-4 mutants under nitrogen starvation. Analysis of the rrg-1 D921N allele, mutated in the predicted phosphorylation site, provides support for phosphorylation-dependent and -independent functions for RRG-1. The data indicate that RRG-1 controls vegetative cell integrity, hyperosmotic sensitivity, fungicide resistance, and protoperithecial development through regulation of the OS-4/OS-5/OS-2 MAPK pathway. INTRODUCTIONTwo-component regulatory systems are signal transduction pathways found in bacteria, Archaea, slime molds, fungi, and plants (for reviews, see Wolanin et al., 2002). Twocomponent systems have been implicated in responses to light, osmolarity, cellular redox status, nutrient and oxygen levels, virulence, and other factors (for review, see Wolanin et al., 2002;Borkovich et al., 2004). A basic two-component system consists of a histidine kinase and a response regulator (for review, see West and Stock, 2001;Wolanin et al., 2002). Histidine kinases autophosphorylate on a conserved histidine residue in the histidine kinase domain. The phosphoryl group is then transferred to an aspartate residue in the receiver domain on the response regulator. Complex two-component signaling pathways (also termed phosphorelays) contain hybrid histidine kinases that have both a histidine kinase domain and a response regulator receiver domain in the same protein, thus facilitating an intramolecular phosphate transfer reaction. The phosphate group on the aspartate residue is transferred to a histidine phosphotransfer (HPT) protein. Subsequently, the histidine phosphotransfer protein phosphorylates the receiver domain on a response regulator. Phosphorelays are the major two-component pathways in eukaryotic systems; however, two-component systems are not present in animals, making them ideal candidate targets for antimicrobial drugs (for review, see Alex et al., 1998;Wolanin et al., 2002;Borkovich et al., 2004).Many response regulators contain a ...

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Section: ⌬Rrg-1 Strains Resemble Os Mutants During Vegetativementioning

confidence: 99%

The Response Regulator RRG-1 Functions Upstream of a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Impacting Asexual Development, Female Fertility, Osmotic Stress, and Fungicide Resistance inNeurospora crassa

Jones

Greer‐Phillips²,

Borkovich

2007

MBoC

105

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“…Other types of conidia, microconidia and arthroconidia, are produced by Neurospora (Springer 1993), but macroconidia are most abundant, and we will focus on the regulation of macroconidiation, or conidiation, from here on. Conidiation is induced by several environmental signals, including desiccation, carbon and nitrogen starvation, and exposure to blue light (Springer 1993;Davis 2000). In addition, conidiation is controlled by an endogenous circadian clock (Dunlap and Loros 2004;Tan et al 2004;Heintzen and Liu 2007;Brunner and Káldi 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Budding continues in proconidial chains, and major constrictions appear $8 hr after the induction of conidiation. Interconidial junctions are cleaved several hours later, but conidia are held together by fragile connective threads until they are dispersed by wind currents (Springer 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mutations in aconidiate-3 (acon-3) or fluffy (fl) allow the production of minor, but not major, constriction chains. Mutations in two conidial separation genes (csp-1 and csp-2) prevent the separation of cross walls to release free conidia (Springer 1993). Two developmental genes, fl (NCU08726) and csp-1 (NCU02713), have been identified, and the corresponding proteins are putative zinc-finger transcription factors (Bailey and Ebbole 1998;Lambreghts et al 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Regulation by Blue Light of the fluffy Gene Encoding a Major Regulator of Conidiation in Neurospora crassa

Olmedo¹,

Ruger-Herreros

Corrochano

2010

Genetics

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The development of asexual spores, that is, the process of conidiation, in the fungus Neurospora crassa is increased by light. The fluffy (fl) gene, encoding a major regulator of conidiation, is activated by light. We describe here a detailed characterization of the regulation by blue light of fl in vegetative hyphae. This induction requires the white collar complex (WCC) while the FLD protein acts as a dark repressor of fl transcription. We show that the WCC directly regulates fl transcription in response to blue light after transiently binding the promoter. We propose that fl is repressed by FLD in vegetative mycelia and that the repression is lost after light exposure and WCC activation. The increase in fl mRNA in vegetative mycelia after light exposure, and the corresponding increase in the amount of the regulatory FL protein, should promote the activation of the conidiation pathway. The activation by light of fl provides a simple mechanism for the activation of conidiation by blue light in Neurospora that may be at work in other fungi.

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“…Comparison of the Anik-1 mutant and wild-type hyphal structure is shown in Fig. 4 (24). Wild type grows as a mycelium with the addition of 1 M sorbitol, NaCl, or KC1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyphal development in Neurospora crassa: involvement of a two-component histidine kinase.

Alex

Borkovich

Simon

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

205

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Genetic control of fungal differentiation: The three sporulation pathways of Neurospora crassa

Cited by 159 publications

References 63 publications

The Response Regulator RRG-1 Functions Upstream of a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Impacting Asexual Development, Female Fertility, Osmotic Stress, and Fungicide Resistance inNeurospora crassa

The Response Regulator RRG-1 Functions Upstream of a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Impacting Asexual Development, Female Fertility, Osmotic Stress, and Fungicide Resistance inNeurospora crassa

Regulation by Blue Light of the fluffy Gene Encoding a Major Regulator of Conidiation in Neurospora crassa

Hyphal development in Neurospora crassa: involvement of a two-component histidine kinase.

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