Genetic correlations, tradeoffs and environmental variation

Sgrò, Carla M.; Hoffmann, Ary A.

doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800532

Cited by 386 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Consequently, the sign and magnitude of among-trait correlations will not differ between the two environments. This finding is in contrast to other studies reporting changes in genetic correlations in different environments (reviewed in Sgrò and Hoffmann, 2004), although only one study manipulated the photoperiod (Giesel, 1986). Giesel (1986) reported changes in the sign of genetic correlations between life history traits in Drosophila melanogaster.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Quantitative genetics of immunity and life history under different photoperiods

et al. 2011

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Insects with complex life-cycles should optimize age and size at maturity during larval development. When inhabiting seasonal environments, organisms have limited reproductive periods and face fundamental decisions: individuals that reach maturity late in season have to either reproduce at a small size or increase their growth rates. Increasing growth rates is costly in insects because of higher juvenile mortality, decreased adult survival or increased susceptibility to parasitism by bacteria and viruses via compromised immune function. Environmental changes such as seasonality can also alter the quantitative genetic architecture. Here, we explore the quantitative genetics of life history and immunity traits under two experimentally induced seasonal environments in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Seasonality affected the life history but not the immune phenotypes. Individuals under decreasing day length developed slower and grew to a bigger size. We found ample additive genetic variance and heritability for components of immunity (haemocyte densities, proPhenoloxidase activity, resistance against Serratia marcescens), and for the life history traits, age and size at maturity. Despite genetic covariance among traits, the structure of G was inconsistent with genetically based trade-off between life history and immune traits (for example, a strong positive genetic correlation between growth rate and haemocyte density was estimated). However, conditional evolvabilities support the idea that genetic covariance structure limits the capacity of individual traits to evolve independently. We found no evidence for GÂE interactions arising from the experimentally induced seasonality.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Quantitative genetics of immunity and life history under different photoperiods

et al. 2011

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“…If there is a genetically based tradeoff between these traits, then the traits should be negatively correlated among families. In addition, if the tradeoff results from a nutrient allocation tradeoff, then the negative correlation should be stronger in a lower nutrition environment [25,45]. Second, we examined the relationship between chirp rate and duration within and among 12 populations using males reared in a common environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tradeoffs limit the evolution of male traits that are attractive to females

et al. 2012

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Tradeoffs occur between a variety of traits in a diversity of organisms, and these tradeoffs can have major effects on ecological and evolutionary processes. Far less is known, however, about tradeoffs between male traits that affect mate attraction than about tradeoffs between other types of traits. Previous results indicate that females of the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, prefer male songs with higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that a tradeoff between these traits affects the evolution of male song. The two traits were negatively correlated among full-sibling families, consistent with a genetically based tradeoff, and the tradeoff was stronger when nutrients were limiting. In addition, for males from 12 populations reared in a common environment, the traits were negatively correlated within populations, the strength of the tradeoff was largely invariant across populations, and the within-population tradeoff predicted how the traits have evolved among populations. A widespread tradeoff thus affects male trait evolution. Finally, for males from four populations assayed in the field, the traits were negatively correlated within and among populations. The tradeoff is thus robust to the presence of environmental factors that might mask its effects. Together, our results indicate there is a fundamental tradeoff between male traits that: (i) limits the ability of males to produce multiple attractive traits; (ii) limits how male traits evolve; and (iii) might favour plasticity in female mating preferences.

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“…The cost of resistance hypothesis provides a potential mechanism for the maintenance of this variation (Sheldon and Verhulst, 1996;Gemmill and Read, 1998;Rigby et al, 2002;Brown, 2003;Sandland and Minchella, 2003). This hypothesis is based on a fundamental assumption underlying life-history theory, that the evolution of fitness traits is constrained by universal trade-offs among them (Reznick et al, 2000;Roff, 2002;Sgrò and Hoffmann, 2004). Similarly, if resistance-conferring genes damage the expression of other fitness traits, the evolution of resistance in a population may be constrained, thus contributing to the maintenance of genetic polymorphism for parasite resistance (Simms and Rausher, 1987;Simms, 1992;Mitchell-Olds and Bradley, 1996;Gemmill and Read, 1998;Brown, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most life-history trade-offs are measured under only one set of environmental conditions (see review by Sgrò and Hoffmann, 2004). Yet, when genotype-environment interactions are taken into consideration, context-dependent genetic correlations are often detected among lifehistory traits (Service and Rose, 1985;de Jong, 1990;Stearns et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, when genotype-environment interactions are taken into consideration, context-dependent genetic correlations are often detected among lifehistory traits (Service and Rose, 1985;de Jong, 1990;Stearns et al, 1991). Varying environmental conditions, such as temperature and resource availability, have been shown to generate a change in the direction and/or magnitude of correlations between life-history traits not involving resistance (Service and Rose, 1985;Gebhardt and Stearns, 1988;Reznick et al, 2000;Rigby et al, 2002;Messina and Fry, 2003;Sgrò and Hoffmann, 2004). Environmental stressors in also modify the expression and magnitude of costs of resistance among plantpathogen associations (see Bazzaz et al, 1987;Bergelson and Purrington, 1996;Sandland and Minchella, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environment-dependent trade-offs between ectoparasite resistance and larval competitive ability in the Drosophila–Macrocheles system

Luong

Polák

2007

Heredity

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Costs of resistance are expected to contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation for resistance in natural host populations. In the present study, we experimentally test for genetic trade-offs between parasite resistance and larval competitive ability expressed under varying levels of crowding and temperature. Artificial selection for increased behavioral resistance was applied against an ectoparasitic mite (Macrocheles subbadius) in replicate lines of the fruit fly Drosophila nigrospiracula. We then measured correlated responses to selection in larval competitive ability by contrasting replicate selected and control (unselected) lines in the absence of parasitism. Experiments were conducted under variable environmental conditions: two temperatures and three levels of larval density. Our results reveal a negative genetic correlation between resistance and larval-adult survival under conditions of moderate and severe intra-specific competition. At both low and high temperature, percent emergence was significantly higher among control lines than selected lines. This divergence in larval competitive ability was magnified under high levels of competition, but only at low temperature. Hence, the interaction between selection treatment and larval density was modified by temperature. As predicted, larvae experiencing medium and high levels of competition exhibited an overall reduction in female body size compared to larvae at low levels of competition. Female flies emerging from selected lines were significantly smaller than those females from control lines, but this effect was only significant under conditions of moderate to severe competition. These results provide evidence of environment-dependent trade-offs between ectoparasite resistance and larval competitive ability, a potential mechanism maintaining genetic polymorphism for resistance.

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Genetic correlations, tradeoffs and environmental variation

Cited by 386 publications

References 78 publications

Quantitative genetics of immunity and life history under different photoperiods

Quantitative genetics of immunity and life history under different photoperiods

Tradeoffs limit the evolution of male traits that are attractive to females

Environment-dependent trade-offs between ectoparasite resistance and larval competitive ability in the Drosophila–Macrocheles system

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