Genetic Diversities in the Sixth - Generation of Selection (S6) of Some Inbred Lines of Maize Based on the Phenotypic Characters and SSR

Abstract

The main objective of this research was to study the diversity of maize inbred lines based on phenotypic characters and SSR markers. The research, which was conducted from February to June 2011, was divided into field and laboratory research for molecular analysis. The molecular analysis was conducted at the Biotecnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University Malang. The field trial was done in Kandat, Junrejo, Batu. Materials of the research were 35 genotypes of maize. Steps for molecular analysis included: (1) DNA isolation, (2) DNAquality test, (3) PCR SSR, and (4) Visualization of the amplification result. The field trial was done by planting genotypes using a RCBD with 2 replications. Result of the dendogram analysis showed that 35 genotypes of maize were divided into 2 main clusters, A and B, that having 35% similarity level. Result for the analysis of variance showed significant difference among genotypes of maize on the entire of the observed phenotype characters. Heritability (H) ranged from 61.8% to 98.1%. Coefficient of variance ranged from 0.71 to 7.20%. Analysis on the genotypic correlation ranged from 0.06 to 1.0. Numbers of rows per ear showed significant correlation, in which Jaccard's similarity coefficient (r s ) = +0.43.

Phenomenon of Inbreeding Depression on Maize in Perspective of The Quran

“…The inbred lines of maize showed weak growth and low seed production due to the removal of the recessive genes and low adaptability. Inbred lines are more easily affected by environmental stress than the hybrids (Aguillon et al, 2017;de Oliveira, Zanotto, Krieger, & Vencovsky, 2012;Hoecker et al, 2008;Kustanto, Basuki, Sugiharto, & Kasno, 2012;Pekkala, Knott, Kotiaho, Nissinen, & Puurtinen, 2014;Troyer &Wellin, 2009). This phenomenon shows that self-pollination in maize produces low yields is identical withthe prohibition of humans incest which will result in congenital defects, low quality generations as well as mortality.…”

“…Traits of plant such as numbers of kernel, growth rate of all kernels, individual kernel, and photosynthetic process in inbred lines are more limited than their hybrids. Other indication that causes the hybrids have better photosynthetic than their inbred lines is due to the hybrid bigger kernel (Ding et al, 2014;Kustanto, Basuki, Sugiharto, & Kasno, 2012;Poehlman, 1979). It pointed that both of incest of human or inbreeding of maize have high negative impacts.…”

“…Self-breeding in maize is one of techniques on breeding process. Selfbreeding will change its genetic constitution into homozygous bacause maize has cross pollination and heterozygous heterogeneous (Kustanto, Basuki, Sugiharto, & Kasno, 2012;Nagamitsu & Futamura, 2014;Shull, 1908;Winn et al, 2011). Inbred lines were formed from heterozygote individual through self-pollination and lead to segregation and vigor decline.…”

“…The characters of plant with vigor decline werecaused by the self-pollination and will show various defects, such as: decreasing height of plant (shorter), tend to fall down, sensitive to diseases, the yield decrease, and various unexpected characters may emerge. Such phenomenon is socalled inbreeding depression (Kustanto, Basuki, Sugiharto, & Kasno, 2012;Pekkala, Knott, Kotiaho, Nissinen, & Puurtinen, 2014;Poehlman, 1979).…”

“…The origin plant is so-called S 0 , and the progeny from self-pollination of the plant is so-called S 1 (progeny from selfpollinationof the first generation). Progeny from self-pollination of the second generation is socalled S 2 , and so on (Cheng, Williams, & Zhang, 2012;Jaradat & Goldstein, 2018;Kustanto, Basuki, Sugiharto, & Kasno, 2012;Poehlman, 1979). The lost vigor during self-pollination period was regained on progeny F 1 when the inbred line was crossbred with other inbred lines, which had no correlation (Pekkala, Knott, Kotiaho, Nissinen, & Puurtinen, 2014;Poehlman, 1979).…”