Genetic diversity and main functional composition of Lingzhi strains from main producing areas in China

Abstract

In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing.

Caracterización antioxidante, antirradicalaria y polifenólica de carpóforos obtenidos en diferentes cultivos de cepas ibéricas de Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. y Ganoderma lingzhi S.H. Wu, Y. Cao & Y.C. Dai. Composición nutricional, perfil proteico y digestibilidad proteica de ambos taxones

“…Ganoderma lucidum está incluido como medicina en la farmacopea de algunos países como China o Estados Unidos (desde el 2014) (Liu et al, 2021). Por ello es muy frecuente encontrarlo a la venta en los mercados chinos de diferentes partes del planeta (Figura 10).…”

“…El caos es tal que, analizando sólo las producciones de China (Liu et al, 2021) encontramos que algunas setas cultivadas y vendidas proceden de hongos que si bien pertenecen al género Ganoderma, aún son desconocidas para la ciencia (no tienen un nombre científico asociado), y se están vendiendo como reishi. En el artículo este autor las registra como 16JL01-OI y 16SHD01-01.…”

“…Sin embargo, lo más frecuente es encontrar como seta reishi especies de diferentes países que sí tienen una amplia historia de consumo y que por ello se consideran seguras. Así encontramos Ganoderma sinense (Liao et al, 2015;Meng et al, 2014) y Ganoderma lingzhi (Fraile-Fabero et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021) como frecuentes en China de amplío cultivo y comercio mundial, Ganoderma oregonense y…”