Genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 and implications for detection and control

Ssemadaali, Marvin A.; Ilha, Márcia R. S.; Ramamoorthy, Sheela

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.10.006

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Numerous examples are available of viruses that adapted to this new scenario by immuno-escape ( Hepatitis B virus 29, avian Metapneumovirus 30), increase in virulence (Marek’s disease31), or both ( Infectious bursal disease virus 31). The aforementioned requirements for vaccine evolution and vaccine-induced pathogen replacement are present also for PCV232. Unfortunately, this hypothesis is hard to be demonstrated due to widespread application of vaccines in domestic populations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study

Franzo

Tucciarone

Cecchinato

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Since their commercialization, vaccines against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) have been the cornerstone control strategy. Nevertheless, the periodic emergence of new genotype waves and the recent reports of vaccine failure outbreaks have raised the question if widespread vaccination strategies could have driven viral evolution and affected different genotype fitness. To investigate this issue an in-deep analysis, based on a bioinformatics and biostatistics approach, has been implemented. ORF2 sequences from vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations (i.e. domestic pigs before and after vaccine introduction and wild boars) were considered. The action of selective forces on PCV2 strains has been analyzed and compared among groups. Remarkable differences were found in the selective forces acting on viral populations circulating in different “immune environments”. Particularly for PCV2a, a directional selection promoting a change in the viral capsid away from the vaccine specific antigenic determinants has been detected after vaccine introduction. Involved amino acids were previously reported to be part of viral epitopes whose variability is responsible of immune escape. Our findings support a change in PCV2 evolutionary pattern after widespread vaccination introduction and stress once more the compulsoriness of a continuous monitoring of PCV2 epidemiology to promptly act in response to the emergence of possible vaccine-escaping mutants.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study

Franzo

Tucciarone

Cecchinato

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…In a study to unravel the transmission patterns of PCV2 at the wildlife-livestock interface in Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda, 91 pigs were sampled and screened for PCV2 antibodies [50]. This study revealed a prevalence of 77% of PCV2b, a genotype associated with PMWS [67,68]. Other studies in Uganda reported a PCV2 overall seroprevalence of 45.2% (n = 236) in Masaka and Lira districts [41] and 25% (n = 5) of clinically sick pigs from four districts in central Uganda [52].…”

Section: Pcv2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Status and gaps of research on respiratory disease pathogens of swine in Africa

Oba

Wieland²,

Mwiine

et al. 2020

Porc Health Manag

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Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the increased adoption of pig production as an important economic activity. Of all species, pigs are likely to constitute a greater share of the growth in the livestock subsector. However, constraints such as respiratory infectious diseases cause significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Compared to industrialized countries, the occurrence and impacts of respiratory diseases on pig production in Africa is under-documented. Hence, knowledge on prevalence and incidence of economically important swine respiratory pathogens in pigs in Africa is necessary to guide interventions for prevention and control. The purpose of this review was to document the current status of research on five important respiratory pathogens of swine in Africa to inform future research and interventions. The pathogens included were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and swine influenza A viruses (IAV). For this review, published articles were obtained using Harzing's Publish or Perish software tool from GoogleScholar. Articles were also sourced from PubMed, ScienceDirect, FAO and OIE websites. The terms used for the search were Africa, swine or porcine, respiratory pathogens, M. hyopneumoniae, APP, PCV2, PPRSv, IAV, prevention and control. In all, 146 articles found were considered relevant, and upon further screening, only 85 articles were retained for the review. The search was limited to studies published from 2000 to 2019. Of all the studies that documented occurrence of the five respiratory pathogens, most were on IAV (48.4%, n = 15), followed by PCV2 (25.8%, n = 8), PPRSv (19.4%, n = 6), while only one study (3.2%, n = 1) reported APP and M. hyopneumoniae. This review highlights knowledge and information gaps on epidemiologic aspects as well as economic impacts of the various pathogens reported in swine in Africa, which calls for further studies.

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“…Furthermore, the substitutions in the epitopes have been ascertained to affect the immune response greatly, thereby causing immune escape [69]. Hence, many calls and recent research findings have raised support for a rational development of PCV2 vaccines to target evolving genotypes in order to increase the current threshold of protection against PCV2 and its associated diseases [69, 142, 145]. …”

Section: Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (Pcv2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Status ofPorcine circovirusType 2 and Its Associated Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa

Afolabi

Iweriebor

Okoh

et al. 2017

Advances in Virology

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Globally, Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a recognized viral pathogen of great economic value in pig farming. It is the major cause of ravaging postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and many other disease syndromes generally regarded as Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) in Europe. PCV2 infections, specifically PMWS, had impacted huge economic loss on swine production at different regions of the world. It has been studied and reported at different parts of the globe including: North and South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Middle East, and the Caribbean. However, till date, this virus and its associated diseases have been grossly understudied in sub-Sahara African region and the entire continent at large. Two out of forty-nine, representing just about 4% of countries that make up sub-Sahara Africa presently, have limited records on reported cases and occurrence of the viral pathogen despite the ubiquitous nature of the virus. This review presents an overview of the discovery of Porcine circovirus and its associated diseases in global pig herds and emphasizes the latest trends in PCV2 vaccines and antiviral drugs development and the information gaps that exist on the occurrence of this important viral pathogen in swine herds of sub-Saharan Africa countries. This will serve as wake-up call for immediate and relevant actions by stakeholders in the region.

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Genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 and implications for detection and control

Cited by 35 publications

References 94 publications

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study

Status and gaps of research on respiratory disease pathogens of swine in Africa

Global Status ofPorcine circovirusType 2 and Its Associated Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa

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