Genetic heterogeneity in human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II

Dube, Dipak K.; Sherman, Michael P.; Saksena, Nitin K.; Bryz-Gornia, V; Mendelson, Jonathan; Love, Jayne L.; Arnold, Charles B.; Spicer, Timothy; Dube, Syamalima; Glaser, Jordan B.

doi:10.1128/jvi.67.3.1175-1184.1993

Cited by 81 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The HTLV-IIa sequences were more similar to the sequence of the prototypic MoT isolate, whereas the HTLV-IIb sequences were closer to the sequence of the NRA isolate. This env-based clustering was further supported by Dube et al, who examined 140-bp pol fragments from 17 Amerindians and North Americans and demonstrated that the HTLV-II sequences of the Amerindian samples were similar to the subtype IIb sequence, while the HTLV-II sequences of the North American samples were a mixture of subtype IIa and IIb sequences (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 58%

Phylogenetic relationship and geographic distribution of multiple human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II subtypes

Switzer

Pienia̧źek

Swanson

et al. 1995

J Virol

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The current env-based subtyping of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) identifies only two heterogenetic groups, HTLV-IIa and HTLV-IIb. To better understand the genetic diversity and phylogeny of HTLV-II, we examined the most divergent genomic region of HTLV-II, the long terminal repeat, by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis. Long terminal repeat sequences were amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by PCR and digested with seven restriction endonucleases that differentiated HTLV-II into five HTLV-IIa (IIa0 to IIa4) and six HTLV-IIb (IIb0 to IIb5) restriction types, with HTLV-IIa0 and HTLV-IIb0 being prototypes for the MoT and NRA isolates, respectively. We examined 169 HTLV-II-infected samples, including 123 from blood donors and intravenous drug users(IDU) from the Americas, 16 from IDU from Europe, and 30 from Amerindians. Of the 169 samples, 109 (64.5%) were categorized as HTLV-IIa and 60 (35.5%) were categorized as HTLV-IIb. The predominant restriction types seen among the U.S. blood donors and U.S. IDU were IIa0 (68.7%) and IIb4 (10.4%). Four Spanish and seven Italian samples were IIb4, while five Norwegian samples were IIa2. Twelve Guaymi and all ten Seminole samples were single restriction types (IIb1 and IIb5, respectively), whereas the two Navajo and six Pueblo samples had a mixture of restriction types IIa0, IIa4, and IIb5. Of the HTLV-IIb restriction types observed in the U.S. non-Indians, 42.8% appear to have originated from the North Amerindian (IIb5), while 57.2% were similar to the European IIb4 restriction type. Sequences of 15 selected HTLV-II samples were determined and phylogenetically compared with 7 previously published HTLV-II LTR sequences. The derived topologies revealed three HTLV-IIa phylogroups (A-I to A-III) and four HTLV-IIb phylogroups (B-I to B-IV). Furthermore, the HTLV-IIa phylogroups appear to have evolved from the HTLV-IIb phylogroups. In the HTLV-IIa cluster, a Navajo (A-I) and a Brazilian (A-II) sequence formed separate phylogroups, while the remaining IIa sequences formed a single phylogroup (A-III). The four HTLV-IIb phylogroups were represented predominantly by a New York IDU (B-I), European IDU (B-II), North Amerindian and NRA (B-III), and Central Guaymi Indian (B-IV) sequence(s). Comparison of the phylogenetic data with the RFLP results revealed that results of the two methods correlated completely, demonstrating the ability of the RFLP method to predict the phylogroup of HTLV-II-infected samples accurately and quickly.

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mentioning

confidence: 58%

Phylogenetic relationship and geographic distribution of multiple human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II subtypes

Switzer

Pienia̧źek

Swanson

et al. 1995

J Virol

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“…We cannot explain this difference, although no significant sequence homologies exist between the CIEs of HTLV-1 and the whole sequence of HIV. There are significant sequence homologies among HTLV-1 and the related retroviruses simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1, HTLV-2, and bovine leukemia virus (12). Like HTLV-1, the HTLV-1-related retroviruses are not produced at detectable levels in PBMCs of the infected host but are often expressed when these cells are cultured in vitro (24,68,74).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

cis-Acting inhibitory elements within the pol-env region of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 possibly involved in viral persistence

Saiga

Orita

Minoura-Tada

et al. 1997

J Virol

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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) remains latent throughout the life of the carrier, with cells containing the provirus and viral gene expression efficiently down-regulated. On a molecular level, exactly how viruses are down-regulated in vivo remains unresolved. We described here the possibility that down-regulation results from the presence of inhibitory elements within the gag-env region of the provirus in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells from carriers. In vitro experiments then revealed that potent cis-acting inhibitory elements (CIEs) are indeed contained in two discrete fragments from the pol region and weaker ones in the env region. The effect of CIEs is relieved by the HTLV-1 posttranscriptional regulator Rex through binding to the Rex-responsive element (RxRE), suggesting that Rex might interfere with pre-mRNA degradation and/or activate the export of mRNA molecules harboring both of the inhibitory elements and RxRE on the same RNA molecule. Thus, we propose the hypothesis that such functions of CIEs may be involved in HTLV-1 persistence.

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“…HTLV-II is endemic in both native North and South Americans and Central African pygmies (with epidemic spread in IV drug users); subtype D, the most divergent, is found in Efe pygmies living not far from bonobos in the Congolese rain forest ( Vandamme et al, 2000). HTLV-II heterogeneity in the Americas is greater than in HTLV-I and comparable to HTLV-I/STLV-I in the Old World, suggesting that type II has been in the Western Hemisphere longer and was brought over by the original migrants, while HTLV-I was introduced more recently (Dube et al, 1993;Vandamme et al, 2000). Molecular clock estimates suggest that HTLV-II was carried out of Africa at least 58 kya and the American subtypes diverged between 12-38 kya, after the first human migrations to the New World.…”

Section: Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of viruses in human evolution

Blerkom¹

2003

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

109

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The study of viral molecular genetics has produced a considerable body of research into the sequences and phylogenetic relationships of human and animal viruses. A review of this literature suggests that humans have been afflicted by viruses throughout their evolutionary history, although the number and types have changed. Some viruses show evidence of long-standing intimate relationship and cospeciation with hominids, while others are more recently acquired from other species, including African monkeys and apes while our line was evolving in that continent, and domesticated animals and rodents since the Neolithic. Viral selection for specific resistance polymorphisms is unlikely, but in conjunction with other parasites, viruses have probably contributed to selection pressure maintaining major histocompatibility complex (MHC) diversity and a strong immune response. They may also have played a role in the loss in our lineage of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a cell-surface receptor for many infectious agents. Shared viruses could have affected hominid species diversity both by promoting divergence and by weeding out less resistant host populations, while viruses carried by humans and other animals migrating out of Africa may have contributed to declines in other populations. Endogenous retroviral insertions since the divergence between humans and chimpanzees were capable of directly affecting hominid evolution through changes in gene expression and development.

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Genetic heterogeneity in human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II

Cited by 81 publications

References 51 publications

Phylogenetic relationship and geographic distribution of multiple human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II subtypes

Phylogenetic relationship and geographic distribution of multiple human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II subtypes

cis-Acting inhibitory elements within the pol-env region of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 possibly involved in viral persistence

Role of viruses in human evolution

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