Genetic Variability and Evolution of Hepatitis E Virus

Primadharsini, Putu Prathiwi; Nagashima, Shigeo; Okamoto, Hiroaki

doi:10.3390/v11050456

Cited by 92 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 200 publications

(296 reference statements)

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“…The HEV genome has 3 open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes a long non-structural polyprotein with multiple functions; ORF2 encodes the viral capsid protein; and ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein with structural and non-structural functions (2), (3). The Hepeviridae contain two genera Orthohepevirus and Piscihepevirus , which infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts (4). Four genotypes (HEV-1, HEV-2, HEV-3 and HEV-4) of the species Orthohepevirus A are associated with human illness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of High-Pressure Processing in Inactivation of the Hepatitis E Virus

Nasheri

Doctor

Chen

et al. 2019

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13Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute hepatitis with approximately 20 million cases per year 14 globally. While HEV is endemic in certain regions of Asia, Africa and South America, it is 15 considered an emerging foodborne pathogen in developed countries. Based on genetic diversity, 16 HEV is classified into different genotypes, with genotype 3 (HEV-3) being most prevalent in 17 Europe and North America. The transmission of HEV-3 has been shown to be zoonotic and 18 mainly associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked pork products. Herein, we 19 investigated the efficacy of high-pressure processing (HPP) in the inactivation of HEV-3 using a 20 cell culture system. HPP has been indicated as a promising nonthermal pathogen inactivation 21 strategy for treatment of certain high-risk food commodities, without any noticeable changes in 22 their nature. For this purpose, we treated HEV-3 in media as well as in artificially inoculated 23 pork pâté, with different conditions of HPP: 400 MPa for 1 and 5 minutes, as well as 600 MPa 24 for 1 and 5 minutes, at ambient temperature. In general, we observed approximately a 2-log 25 reduction in HEV load by HPP treatments in media; however, similar treatment in the pork pâté 26 resulted in a much lower reduction in viral load. Therefore, the efficacy of HPP treatment in the 27 inactivation of HEV-3 is matrix-dependent. 28Importance: HEV is an emerging foodborne pathogen in industrialized countries, and its 29 transmission is associated with the consumption of contaminated undercooked pork product. In 30 this work, we employed an infectivity assay to investigate the potential of high-pressure in 31 inactivation of HEV in media and ready-to-eat pork pâté. We demonstrated that the effect of 32 HPP on inactivation of HEV depends on the surrounding matrix. 33 PCR 35 36 HEV is a single-stranded RNA virus with positive polarity belonging to the Hepeviridae family 37 (1). The HEV genome has 3 open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes a long non-structural 38 polyprotein with multiple functions; ORF2 encodes the viral capsid protein; and ORF3 encodes a 39 small phosphoprotein with structural and non-structural functions (2), (3). The Hepeviridae 40 contain two genera Orthohepevirus and Piscihepevirus, which infect a wide range of vertebrate 41 hosts (4). Four genotypes (HEV-1, HEV-2, HEV-3 and HEV-4) of the species Orthohepevirus A 42 are associated with human illness. HEV-1 and HEV-2 are restricted to humans and are prevalent 43 in regions with poor water sanitation, such as the developing countries of Asia, Africa, South and 44Central America (5, 6). On the other hand, HEV-3 and HEV-4 are considered to be zoonotic 45 pathogens as they have a much wider range of mammalian hosts including, among others, 46 domestic and wild swine and ruminants (7-9). Hepatocytes have been identified as the primary 47 sites of HEV replication, but the virus can replicate in other tissues such as epithelial cells of the 48 small intestine, placenta, and muscle (10-13). 49Clinical manifest...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of High-Pressure Processing in Inactivation of the Hepatitis E Virus

Nasheri

Doctor

Chen

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…The genome of HEV is 7.2 kb with a GC content of 56%, and the 5′‐untranscribed region is capped. The ssRNA(+) genome encodes a large polypeptide of which it is uncertain whether it is active as such or first processed into separate proteins with distinct functions, and 2 shorter proteins, translated from partly overlapping open reading frames (recently reviewed in Primadharsini, Nagashima, & Okamoto, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomics of hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis E virus provides insights into the evolutionary history of Hepatovirus species

et al. 2019

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractThe intraspecies genomic diversity of the single-strand RNA (+) virus species hepatitis A virus (Hepatovirus), hepatitis C virus (Hepacivirus), and hepatitis E virus (Orthohepevirus) was compared. These viral species all can cause liver inflammation (hepatitis), but share no gene similarity. The codon usage of human hepatitis A virus (HAV) is suboptimal for replication in its host, a characteristic it shares with taxonomically related rodent, simian, and bat hepatitis A virus species. We found this codon usage to be strikingly similar to that of Triatoma virus that infects blood-sucking kissing bugs. The codon usage of that virus is well adapted to its insect host. The codon usage of HAV is also similar to other invertebrate viruses of various taxonomic families. An evolutionary ancestor of HAV and related virus species is hypothesized to be an insect virus that underwent a host jump to infect mammals. The similarity between HAV and invertebrate viruses goes beyond codon usage, as they also share amino acid composition characteristics, while not sharing direct sequence homology. In contrast, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus are highly similar in codon usage preference, nucleotide composition, and amino acid composition, and share these characteristics with Human pegivirus A, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. We present evidence that these observations are only partly explained by differences in nucleotide composition of the complete viral codon regions.We consider the combination of nucleotide composition, amino acid composition, and codon usage preference suitable to provide information on possible evolutionary similarities between distant virus species that cannot be investigated by phylogeny.

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“…14,15 Genotypes HEV1 and HEV2 are obligate human pathogens. 15,16 HEV3, HEV4 are endemic in several animal species, causing zoonotic infections in humans. 15,16 Genotypes HEV5 and HEV6 appear to be restricted to wild boars, and genotypes HEV7 and HEV8 have been isolated from dromedary and Bactrian camels.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…15,16 HEV3, HEV4 are endemic in several animal species, causing zoonotic infections in humans. 15,16 Genotypes HEV5 and HEV6 appear to be restricted to wild boars, and genotypes HEV7 and HEV8 have been isolated from dromedary and Bactrian camels. 15,16 In addition, a case of HEV7 has been reported in a human.…”

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confidence: 99%