Genetic variation within a species of parasitic nematode, <i>Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum</i>, in skunks

Denham, Allie N.; Hughes, Malorri R.; Dowler, Robert C.; Negovetich, Nicholas J.; Ammerman, Loren K.

doi:10.21307/jofnem-2021-005

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The intraspecific differences between sequences from orca, porpoise, and dolphin lung nematodes were between 2 and 3%. This is within the range reported for COI loci in other species (Denham et al, 2021 ; Elson‐Riggins et al, 2020 ). The interspecific differences ranged from 15 to 16% in mitochondrial DNA, reflecting sufficient distance to indicate different species (Denham et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2002 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…This is within the range reported for COI loci in other species (Denham et al, 2021 ; Elson‐Riggins et al, 2020 ). The interspecific differences ranged from 15 to 16% in mitochondrial DNA, reflecting sufficient distance to indicate different species (Denham et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2002 ). Interspecific differences were more prominent in the COI nucleotide than the ITS‐2 sequences, highlighting the fast rate at which mitochondrial DNA accumulates substitutions (Blouin, 2002 ; Johnson et al, 2003 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Additionally, a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mtDNA was amplified from at least two individuals of included lungworm species (n = 20, Table 1) using oligonucleotide primers NemF2_t1: ARAGA TCT AAT CAT AAA GAT ATYGG and NemR2_t1: AWACY TCW GGR TGM CCA AAA AAYCA (Denham et al, 2021;Prosser et al, 2013). Cycling conditions of the PCR were as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 1 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 s, annealing at 51°C for 15 s, and extension at 72°C for 10 s. The cycling ended with an elongation for 5 min at 72°C.…”

Section: Molecular Identification / Dna Isolation Polymerase Chain Re...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential new species of pseudaliid lung nematode (Metastrongyloidea) from two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca) characterized by ITS‐2 and COI sequences

Lehnert

Boyi

Siebert

2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Knowledge about parasite species of orcas, their prevalence, and impact on the health status is scarce. Only two records of lungworm infections in orca exist from male neonatal orcas stranded in Germany and Norway. The nematodes were identified as Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae), which have been described in the respiratory tract of multiple odontocete species, but morphological identification to species level remained impossible due to the fragile structure and ambiguous morphological features. Pseudaliid nematodes (Metastrongyloidea) are specific to the respiratory tract of toothed whales and are hypothesized to have become almost extinct in terrestrial mammals. Severe lungworm infections can cause secondary bacterial infections and bronchopneumonia and are a common cause of mortality in odontocetes. DNA isolations and subsequent sequencing of the rDNA ITS‐2 and mtDNA COI revealed nucleotide differences between previously described Halocercus species from common dolphin ( H. delphini ) and harbor porpoises ( H. invaginatus ) that were comparatively analyzed, pointing toward a potentially new species of pseudaliid lungworm in orcas. New COI sequences of six additional metastrongyloid lungworms of seals and porpoises were derived to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and differences between nine species of Metastrongyloidea.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Molecular Identification / Dna Isolation Polymerase Chain Re...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potential new species of pseudaliid lung nematode (Metastrongyloidea) from two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca) characterized by ITS‐2 and COI sequences

Lehnert

Boyi

Siebert

2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum in a rabies-positive striped skunk in Texas

Myers,

Taylor,

Wilson

et al. 2024

J VET Diagn Invest

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We describe here a case of the sinus roundworm, Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum, found incidentally in a rabies-positive striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis) in Texas, USA. Skunks serve as a natural definitive host for this metastrongylid nematode in North America, in which infections result in observable damage to the host cranium, where adult parasites reside. Additionally, skunks are considered the primary reservoir of rabies in Texas. In November 2022, the animal was discovered in northern Texas displaying neurologic signs before euthanasia and submission to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for rabies testing. Direct fluorescent antibody testing indicated that the animal was rabies-positive, and, upon tissue collection, numerous adult nematodes were recovered from the cranium and identified as S. chitwoodorum by morphology and amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Histologically, we found lymphohistiocytic meningitis in several loci and chronic sinusitis rostral to the cribriform plate. Due to behavioral abnormalities, we additionally tested for Toxoplasma gondii via PCR, but no parasite DNA was detected. Concurrent infection by S. chitwoodorum and rabies virus may contribute to neurologic signs in skunks.

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Genetic variation within a species of parasitic nematode, Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum, in skunks

Denham

Hughes

Dowler

et al. 2021

Journal of Nematology

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Carnivores in the families Mustelidae and Mephitidae are essential hosts for the cranial roundworm genus Skrjabingylus. A high prevalence of Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum has been observed in the striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis. Genetic barcoding studies of other nematodes have successfully used the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene to analyze genetic variation and divergence. We tested the hypothesis that low population structuring occurs within S. chitwoodorum because M. mephitis is widespread across much of North America and has high levels of gene flow. We extracted DNA from 38 samples of Skrjabingylus removed from the sinuses of M. mephitis and one from the plains spotted skunk, Spilogale putorius interrupta, for amplification and sequencing of COI. Analysis of 492 base pairs confirmed all samples were S. chitwoodorum and showed low genetic divergence (1.0%) within Texas, but high haplotype diversity. Supporting our hypothesis, no obvious divergent lineages based on geographic location were recovered within the samples based on Maximum Likelihood analysis and median joining haplotype network analysis. In fact, samples of Skrjabingylus from New York and South Dakota showed little difference compared with samples from Texas.

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Genetic variation within a species of parasitic nematode, Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum, in skunks

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Potential new species of pseudaliid lung nematode (Metastrongyloidea) from two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca) characterized by ITS‐2 and COI sequences

Potential new species of pseudaliid lung nematode (Metastrongyloidea) from two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca) characterized by ITS‐2 and COI sequences

Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum in a rabies-positive striped skunk in Texas

Genetic variation within a species of parasitic nematode, Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum, in skunks

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