Genetics and Evolution of 2, 4‐Diacetylphloroglucinol Synthesis inPseudomonas Fluorescens

Genetics and Functional Genomics of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Group

“…While the phl locus is conserved at the sequence and organizational levels in DAPG producers, the capacity to produce DAPG is restricted to only a minority of P. fluorescens strains with no other bacteria having the capacity to produce this compound (Troppens et al 2013). Also striking is the observation that the genomic context of the phl operon is variable, as a comparison of the flanking genes reveals at least three different genetic loci (Fig.…”

“…Further complicating the issue is the apparently widespread loss of the phl locus, some estimates suggesting that as few as 1 % of P. fluorescens isolates are capable of DAPG production (Moynihan et al 2009;Troppens et al 2013). Given the presumed ecological functions of DAPG in antibiosis and cell-to-cell signaling, it is difficult to imagine why the locus has been retained in so few lineages.…”

“…The relatively low frequency of phloroglucinol production in strains of the P. fluorescens complex combined with the presence of the phl cluster in different genetic contexts is reminiscent of horizontally transferred genetic elements. Indeed, recent reports highlight the complex evolution of the phl locus and suggest that phlD and the phlACB operon have distinct evolutionary origins and likely were acquired in two separate horizontal gene transfer events (Troppens et al 2013). Initial theories that phlD was acquired from plants, which were based on the similarity of PhlD to plant chalcone synthases, have been shown to be incorrect.…”

2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol Against Candida albicans: Biofilm Formation, Aspartyl Protease Production and Ultrastructure Changes

“…It is also known that the antifungal effect of 2,4-DAPG on yeast cells is realized through disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Troppens et al, 2013). The determined range of the minimum fungicidal concentration on planktonic yeast cells is 60-120 μg ml depending on the composition of the medium (Kwak et al 2011),such MIC range agrees with our results.…”

“…Direct antimicrobial effect of 2,4-DAPG is realize towards planktonic bacterial cells (Troppens et al 2013; Kamei et al 2003; Couillerot et al 2011) and its biofilms (Julian et al 2020) due to hydrophobic interactions with biological membranes and its perturbation (Gong et al 2016). While indirect antimicrobial effect of 2,4-DAPG could be associated with its activity as a chemical messenger.…”