Geniposide and asperuloside alter the COX-2 and GluN2B receptor expression after pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice

Neuroinflammation in epileptogenesis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies

“…Epilepsy is a variety of enduring neurological disorder characterized by tendency to spontaneous and recurrent seizures with heterogeneous etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and outcomes ( 1 , 2 ). This disorder is serious global health issue affecting over 50-70 million people in the world ( 3 ).…”

“…Neuroinflammation, triggered by a number of exogenous or endogenous conditions including ageing process, gene expression variation, cerebral homeostasis disruption, pathogen infections, autoimmune diseases, brain tumor, stroke, and brain trauma, etc. ( 1 , 4 , 8 – 10 ), involves in a cascade of innate and adaptive immune responses characterized by the activation of microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells ( 9 ), peripheral recruitment of multiple immune cells including but not limited to leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes into brain, and releasing a wide variety of inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, etc. ( 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 – 10 ).…”

“…( 1 , 4 , 8 – 10 ), involves in a cascade of innate and adaptive immune responses characterized by the activation of microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells ( 9 ), peripheral recruitment of multiple immune cells including but not limited to leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes into brain, and releasing a wide variety of inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, etc. ( 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 – 10 ). Accumulated evidences show neuroinflammation is involved in neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptic seizures, as well prolonged epileptic seizures can trigger a chain of neuroinflammatory reactions ( 4 , 11 , 12 ).…”