Genitourinary tract symptoms in patients admitted with COVID-19: Exploring changes in frequency by determinants and pandemic waves

Urine Parameters in Patients with COVID-19 Infection

“…The incidence of these two parameters was not as high as in the previously mentioned studies; however, it can predict adverse renal outcomes in long-term follow-up since Omicron infections may cause new kidney involvement [45]. for GLU [7,8,11]; for LEU (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,42], (b) COVID-19 AKI [25]; for KET [16]; for SG [4,5,10,16]; for BLOOD (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,10,11,29], (b) COVID-19 AKI [16,22,44], (c) COVID-19 mortality [14,16].…”

“…In addition, it was observed that patients of severe, and critical groups had values of GLU-U and PRO higher than patients of the moderate group. These results indicate that biochemical urine parameters are useful to show AKI in the advanced stages of the disease and could have a predictive role in disease severity [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 14 , 16 ]. The studies presented by Yildirim, C. et al [ 9 ] and Bassoli, C et al [ 11 ] evaluated PRO as an early predictor of COVID-19-related renal damage [ 9 , 11 ].…”

“…In addition, the simultaneous increase in combined PRO and haematuria correlated with mortality in COVID-19 patients [12]. for GLU [7,8,11]; for LEU (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,42], (b) COVID-19 AKI [25]; for KET [16]; for SG [4,5,10,16]; for BLOOD (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,10,11,29], (b) COVID-19 AKI [16,22,44], (c) COVID-19 mortality [14,16].…”

“…Abbreviations: BLOOD, urine occult blood; PRO, proteinuria; GLU, glucose; LEU, leukocyturia; KET, ketones; SG, specific gravity; PH, potential of hydrogen. References: for PH [ 7 , 8 , 26 , 42 ]; for PRO (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [ 2 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 29 ], (b) COVID-19 AKI [ 25 ], (c) COVID-19 mortality [ 9 , 25 ]; for GLU [ 7 , 8 , 11 ]; for LEU (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [ 7 , 8 , 42 ], (b) COVID-19 AKI [ 25 ]; for KET [ 16 ]; for SG [ 4 , 5 , 10 , 16 ]; for BLOOD (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [ 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 29 ], (b) COVID-19 AKI [ 16 , 22 , 44 ], (c) COVID-19 mortality [ 14 , 16 ].…”

“…An interesting example is urinalysis, which can give an idea of the involvement of the kidneys in the disease. In fact, the involvement of the kidney in COVID-19 infection is reported since the virus can affect the glomeruli, tubules, or renal interstitium and can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Thus, urinary microscopy is an essential part of urinalysis that could be considered a valuable prognostic and diagnostic tool.…”