Genome-wide characterization of the chitinase gene family in wild apple (Malus sieversii) and domesticated apple (Malus domestica) reveals its role in resistance to Valsa mali

Haxim, Yakupjan; Kahar, Gulnaz; Zhang, Xuechun; Yu, Shaohua; Waheed, Abdul; Liu, Xiaojie; Wen, Xuejing; Li, Xiaoshuang; Zhang, Daoyuan

doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1007936

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Almost all apple trees can be infected by AVC ( Ke et al, 2014 ; Haxim et al, 2022 ). Plants have developed various mechanisms to cope with pathogenic stresses, such as forming physical barriers and activating their immune system, which mainly includes reinforcing the cell wall, producing reactive oxygen species, altering hormone levels and gene expression, activating pathogenesis-related proteins, accumulating defensive metabolites, and inducing the allergic necrosis of plant cells ( Yin et al, 2015 ; Wang X. L. et al, 2020 ; Liu X. M. et al, 2021 ; Liu X.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome profiling reveals mechanisms underlying the infection of Cytospora mali in “Jin Hong” branches

Zhao,

Guo,

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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IntroductionValsa canker, caused by Cytospora mali, is a destructive disease in apple production. However, the mechanism by which apple defend against C. mali infection remains unclear.MethodsIn this study, the integrative transcriptional and metabolic analysis were used to investigate the responses of the ‘Jin Hong’ apple branches to the invasion of C. mali.Results and DiscussionResults showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the pathways of carbon metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, and biosynthesis of amino acids pathways. Additionally, the differentially accumulated metabolites were significantly enriched in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways. Conjoint analysis revealed that C. mali infection significantly altered 5 metabolic pathways, 8 highly relevant metabolites and 15 genes of apples. Among which the transcription factors WRKY and basic domain leucine zipper transcription family were induced, the α-linolenic acid and betaine were significantly accumulated in C. mali infected apple stems. This work presents an overview of the changes in gene expression and metabolic profiles in apple under the inoculation of C. mali, which may help to further screen out the mechanism of plant-pathogen interaction at the molecular level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome profiling reveals mechanisms underlying the infection of Cytospora mali in “Jin Hong” branches

Zhao,

Guo,

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Classes represented in the GH19 family are I, II, IV, VI and VII, while classes III and V are members of the GH18 family. Zm Chi19A and Os Chi19A are maize and rice root endochitinases respectively, and members of the GH19 family to which most plant chitinases belong ( Oyeleye and Normi, 2018 ; Zhou et al., 2023 ), while Csp Ch18A is a symbiotic bacterial endochitinase in the GH18 family ( Oyeleye and Normi, 2018 ; Haxim et al., 2022 ). GH18 and GH19 chitinases commonly use different catalytic mechanisms, producing different configuration of products ( Funkhouser and Aronson, 2007 ; Oliveira et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant root associated chitinases: structures and functions

Shobade,

Zabotina,

Nilsen-Hamilton

2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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Chitinases degrade chitin, a linear homopolymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods. They are secreted by the roots into the rhizosphere, a complex and dynamic environment where intense nutrient exchange occurs between plants and microbes. Here we modeled, expressed, purified, and characterized Zea mays and Oryza sativa root chitinases, and the chitinase of a symbiotic bacterium, Chitinophaga oryzae 1303 for their activities with chitin, di-, tri-, and tetra-saccharides and Aspergillus niger, with the goal of determining their role(s) in the rhizosphere and better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions. We show that Zea mays basic endochitinase (ZmChi19A) and Oryza sativa chitinase (OsChi19A) are from the GH19 chitinase family. The Chitinophaga oryzae 1303 chitinase (CspCh18A) belongs to the GH18 family. The three enzymes have similar apparent KM values of (20-40 µM) for the substrate 4-MU-GlcNAc3. They vary in their pH and temperature optima with OsChi19A activity optimal between pH 5–7 and 30–40°C while ZmChi19A and CspCh18A activities were optimal at pH 7-9 and 50–60°C. Modeling and site-directed mutation of ZmChi19A identified the catalytic cleft and the active residues E147 and E169 strategically positioned at ~8.6Å from each other in the folded protein. Cleavage of 4-MU-GlcNAc3 was unaffected by the absence of the CBD but diminished in the absence of the flexible C-terminal domain. However, unlike for the soluble substrate, the CBD and the newly identified flexible C-terminal domain were vital for inhibiting Aspergillus niger growth. The results are consistent with the involvement of the plant chitinases in defense against pathogens like fungi that have chitin exoskeletons. In summary, we have characterized the functional features and structural domains necessary for the activity of two plant root chitinases that are believed to be involved in plant defense and a bacterial chitinase that, along with the plant chitinases, may participate in nutrient recycling in the rhizosphere.

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“…The 184 MsbHLH genes were identified in the M. sieversii genome. The M. sieversii genome (version JAHTLV010000000) was retrieved from the NCBI ( (accessed on 22 January 2023)) databases [ 70 ]. BLASTp was used to verify bHLH proteins.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Identification of bHLH Transcription Factor Family in Malus sieversii and Functional Exploration of MsbHLH155.1 Gene under Valsa Canker Infection

Jia

Liu

Wen

et al. 2023

Plants

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Xinjiang wild apple (Malus sieversii) is an ancient relic; a plant with abundant genetic diversity and disease resistance. Several transcription factors were studied in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses on the wild apple. Basic/helix–loop–helix (bHLH) is a large plant transcription factor family that plays important roles in plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses and has been extensively studied in several plants. However, no study has yet been conducted on the bHLH gene in M. sieversii. Based on the genome of M. sieversii, 184 putative MsbHLH genes were identified, and their physicochemical properties were studied. MsbHLH covered 23 subfamilies and lacked two subfamily genes of Arabidopsis thaliana based on the widely used classification method. Moreover, MsbHLH exon–intron structures matched subfamily classification, as evidenced by the analysis of their protein motifs. The analysis of cis-acting elements revealed that many MsbHLH genes share stress- and hormone-related cis-regulatory elements. These MsbHLH transcription factors were found to be involved in plant defense responses based on the protein–protein interactions among the differentially expressed MsbHLHs. Furthermore, 94 MsbHLH genes were differentially expressed in response to pathogenic bacteria. The qRT-PCR results also showed differential expression of MsbHLH genes. To further verify the gene function of bHLH, our study used the transient transformation method to obtain the overexpressed MsbHLH155.1 transgenic plants and inoculated them. Under Valsa canker infection, the lesion phenotype and physiological and biochemical indexes indicated that the antioxidant capacity of plants could increase and reduce the damage caused by membrane peroxidation. This study provides detailed insights into the classification, gene structure, motifs, chromosome distribution, and gene expression of bHLH genes in M. sieversii and lays a foundation for a better understanding disease resistance in plants, as well as providing candidate genes for the development of M. sieversii resistance breeding.

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Genome-wide characterization of the chitinase gene family in wild apple (Malus sieversii) and domesticated apple (Malus domestica) reveals its role in resistance to Valsa mali

Cited by 14 publications

References 71 publications

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome profiling reveals mechanisms underlying the infection of Cytospora mali in “Jin Hong” branches

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome profiling reveals mechanisms underlying the infection of Cytospora mali in “Jin Hong” branches

Plant root associated chitinases: structures and functions

Genome-Wide Identification of bHLH Transcription Factor Family in Malus sieversii and Functional Exploration of MsbHLH155.1 Gene under Valsa Canker Infection

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