Genomic organization and putative promoters of highly conserved glutathione S-transferases originating by alternative splicing in Anopheles dirus

Pongjaroenkit, Saengtong; Jirajaroenrat, Kanya; Boonchauy, Chanikarn; Chanama, Umnaj; Leetachewa, Somphob; Prapanthadara, La-aied; Ketterman, Albert J.

doi:10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00107-7

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Alternative splicing of delta GST genes has been reported as a unique phenomenon in mosquitoes, including A. gambiae (Ranson et al, 1998), Anopheles dirus (Pongjaroenkit et al, 2001), Aedes aegypti (Lumjuan et al, 2007), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Kasai et al, 2009). A total of four different GSTd1 transcripts have been identified in A. gambiae, A. dirus, and C. quinquefasciatus.…”

Section: Comparison Of Gsts Between C Tentans and Other Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of eleven glutathione S-transferase genes from the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Zhang

et al. 2009

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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Section: Comparison Of Gsts Between C Tentans and Other Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of eleven glutathione S-transferase genes from the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Zhang

et al. 2009

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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“…These GSTs are of further interest because they arise from alternate splicing. Thus, the N‐terminal domain of the GSTs derives from the same exon, whereas the C‐terminal domain arises from different exons (Pongjaroenkit et al 2001, Jirajaroenrat et al 2001). The relationship of gene structure to protein structure is discussed.…”

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confidence: 99%

The crystal structures of glutathione S‐transferases isozymes 1–3 and 1–4 from Anopheles dirus species B

et al. 2001

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Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are dimeric proteins that play an important role in cellular detoxification. Four GSTs from the mosquito Anopheles dirus species B (Ad), an important malaria vector in South East Asia, are produced by alternate splicing of a single transcription product and were previously shown to have detoxifying activity towards pesticides such as DDT. We have determined the crystal structures for two of these alternatively spliced proteins, AdGST1-3 (complexed with glutathione) and AdGST1-4 (apo form), at 1.75 and 2.45 A resolution, respectively. These GST isozymes show differences from the related GST from the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina; in particular, the presence of a C-terminal helix forming part of the active site. This helix causes the active site of the Anopheles GSTs to be enclosed. The glutathione-binding helix alpha2 and flanking residues are disordered in the AdGST1-4 (apo) structure, yet ordered in the AdGST1-3 (GSH-bound) structure, suggesting that insect GSTs operate with an induced fit mechanism similar to that found in the plant phi- and human pi-class GSTs. Despite the high overall sequence identities, the active site residues of AdGST1-4 and AdGST1-3 have different conformations.

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“…There are also about ten genes in Drosophila melanogaster found to exhibit different patterns of alternative splicing. The class I glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family was also found to undergo alternative splicing in Anopheles gambiae (35) and Anopheles dirus (36). In both species the GST gene contains six exons for four mature GST transcripts, which share exons 1 and 2 but vary between four different exon 3 sequences (exons 3A-3D) (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The class I glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family was also found to undergo alternative splicing in Anopheles gambiae (35) and Anopheles dirus (36). In both species the GST gene contains six exons for four mature GST transcripts, which share exons 1 and 2 but vary between four different exon 3 sequences (exons 3A-3D) (36). The sericin 1 primary transcript of B. mori is differentially spliced via a tissue-and developmentally regulated process (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Splicing of the Primary Transcript Generates Heterogeneity within the Products of the Gene for Bombyx mori Chitinase

Abdel-Banat

Koga

2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The gene of chitinase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, generates four mRNA products by alternative splicing. Nucleotide sequences of the entire gene for chitinase and respective cDNAs demonstrate that the pre-mRNA undergoes alternative splicing at both the 5 and 3 regions. At the 5 region, the pre-mRNA experienced differential splicing through two alternative 5-intron consensus splicing sites. These products differ in the last amino acid of the signal peptide and the first amino acid of the mature N- At the 3 region the pre-mRNA of the chitinase gene undergoes alternative splicing in three different fashions. It is spliced either through retaining or excluding the upstream 121-bp direct repeat found at the 3 region of the coding sequences or through retaining or excluding of an insertion of 9 bp in a combinatorial manner. Retention or exclusion of the upstream 121-bp direct repeat results in a protein with a deduced amino acid sequence similar in size to the one retaining both direct repeats. However, exclusion of the insert of the 9 bp from the mRNA results in a protein with 22 extra amino acids. All of the mRNA products appear to be generated from a single gene as demonstrated by testing the 3 region of the genomic DNA and variant chitinase mRNA products. B. mori chitinase expression in the fifth instar larvae epidermal tissues appears to be developmentally regulated, but the phenomenon of alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA is not stage-dependent. Furthermore, the four mRNA products showed chitinase activity when expressed in Escherichia coli, which demonstrates the role of the alternative splicing process in generating multiple isoforms of the silkworm's chitinase.

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Genomic organization and putative promoters of highly conserved glutathione S-transferases originating by alternative splicing in Anopheles dirus

Cited by 19 publications

References 42 publications

Identification and characterization of eleven glutathione S-transferase genes from the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Identification and characterization of eleven glutathione S-transferase genes from the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The crystal structures of glutathione S‐transferases isozymes 1–3 and 1–4 from Anopheles dirus species B

Alternative Splicing of the Primary Transcript Generates Heterogeneity within the Products of the Gene for Bombyx mori Chitinase

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