Identification and characterization of eleven glutathione S-transferase genes from the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

A novel Omega-class glutathione S-transferase gene in Apis cerana cerana: molecular characterisation of GSTO2 and its protective effects in oxidative stress

“…Total protein from four different tissues (brain, epidermis, muscle, and midgut) and three different developmental stages (day-3 larvae, day-6 pupae, and day-10 adults) were extracted as described by Li et al (2009). The total proteins were quantified with the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific Pierce, IL, USA).…”

Expression profiles of seven glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from Venerupis philippinarum exposed to heavy metals and benzo[a]pyrene

“…Currently, at least 15 different classes of GSTs (alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, kappa, lambda, mu, omega, phi, pi, sigma, tau, theta, zeta, and rho) have been identified from numerous phylogenetically diverse organisms based on the differences in structural, catalytic and immunological characters (Hayes et al, 2005). In the previous studies, the mRNA expression of multiple specific GSTs had been investigated in several aquatic organisms after exposure to environmental pollutants (Boutet et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2008;Wan et al, 2008a;Li et al, 2009;Kim et al, 2010;Nail and Choi, 2011;Won et al, 2011). These studies provided the possibility to explore the correlation of specific GST responses with the detoxification of various toxicants, which were perhaps useful to evaluate the potential of different GST isoforms as molecular biomarkers to monitor marine environmental pollution.…”

Does cadmium affect the toxicokinetics of permethrin in Chironomus dilutus at sublethal level? Evidence of enzymatic activity and gene expression

“…The real-time PCR primers for CdHSP70, CdCYP450 and CdGST genes were designed using Primer Premier 5.0 (PREMIER Biosoft, CA, USA) and listed in Table 1. The midge ribosomal protein S3 (CdRPS3) was used as a reference gene for PCR analysis and amplified using the forward primer, 5 0 -CTTACTCGT-GAACTTGCTGAAG-3 0 and reverse primer, 5 0 -TGA-TAATTTCGGTACGGGATGG-3 0 (Li et al, 2009). Results showed the cycle threshold of the reference gene did not significantly change under experimental condition and the PCR efficiencies were above 90%.…”

“…As an important detoxification enzyme in phase II biotransformation, GST catalyzes the conjugation reaction. In general, the products of the reactions are more soluble and less toxic than the parent compounds, thus biotransformation process accelerates the excretion of the chemicals from organism (Li et al, 2009). Furthermore, CarE catalyzes the hydrolysis of carboxyl esters in phase I biotransformation (Wheelock et al, 2008), so it is a vital detoxification enzyme for pyrethroids in organism.…”

“…Li et al (2009) identified 11 GST genes in C. dilutus (CdGST). One of the 11 GST genes, delta GST gene (Accession No.…”