Genomic Predictors of Outcome in Prostate Cancer

The Novel Association of Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Megakaryocytes with Prostate Cancer Prognosis

“…Our stripping buffer method, robustly removing immunofluorescence signals completely without damaging cell morphology, facilitates the analysis of multiple genomic alterations on the same cells after immunofluorescence, which increases the chance to detect genomic alterations in most CTCs to confirm their malignancy nature. A panel of genes is better than a single gene or genetic change for cancer prognosis (25). Multiple genomic region analysis also makes it possible to combine a number of genomic changes for the development of CTC-based genetic prognostic biomarkers.…”

Clinical Utility of Biomarkers in Localized Prostate Cancer

“…Despite relatively good accuracy of risk stratification based on standard clinical parameters, residual inadequacies in the stratification of disease outcomes have been identified as a major source of imprecision in management, culminating in both overtreatment of indolent disease and undertreatment of high-risk disease [2]. Well-recognized limitations of clinical models and conventional serum biomarkers-notably, prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-for risk prediction in the detection and prognosis of PCa have driven development and validation a new generation of biomarkers and tissue-based gene expression tests that are now available in the context of routine clinical practice [3][4][5].…”

The Risks and Benefits of Current Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer and Future Possibilities in Advanced Imaging and Targeted Therapy: A Review

“…Genomic testing is a prospective technique for clarifying the metastatic and local invasive potentials of individual tumors, while epigenetic alterations and selective modulation of microRNAs also hold therapeutic potential for all urologic cancers [26,69,70]. Data suggest that the addition of genomic information to traditional diagnostic variables does yield some improvement in prognostic accuracy [26].…”

“…The risk of recurrence after radical prostatectomy in particular is highly variable. Despite intervention by radical prostatectomy, a PSA level increase of >2.0 ng/mL in the year before prostate cancer diagnosis was reported to be indicative of prostate cancer-specific mortality [26,27]. Radical prostatectomy has been shown to decrease all-cause mortality if PSA>10 ng/mL and has yielded a 6% reduction in bone metastases 8 years post-treatment, but no significant benefit is evident if PSA≤10 ng/mL; in fact, up to a 4% greater mortality was observed in radical prostatectomy patients with PSA≤10 ng/mL when compared to those under observational management [7,16].…”

“…Data suggest that the addition of genomic information to traditional diagnostic variables does yield some improvement in prognostic accuracy [26]. Current approaches include the identification of molecular alterations of prostate cancer in order to develop clinically available expression profiling data for future patients.…”