Genotoxicity and Immunotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (TiO2@MSN) in Primary Peripheral Human Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC)

Lima

et al. 2022

Environ Monit Assess

Tourist occupancy in coastal environments threatens the stability of various coastal ecosystems and is thus a cause for concern for the environmental sector. As such, it is important to perform environmental monitoring in a way that analyses and quantifies the environmental impact of coastal ecosystems. Porto de Galinhas beach (Pernambuco – Brazil) has one of the highest visitation rates in Brazil and suffered from restrictions to human mobility due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These restrictions allowed for the evaluation of the impact of tourism on Porto de Galinhas beach and the effects that the lack of tourist occupancy had during the lockdown period of 2020. Blood samples from the species Abudefduf saxatilis were collected monthly over a period of 1 year and during the lockdown quarter, in order to perform micronucleus (MN) and nuclear morphological alteration (NMA) tests, and data were analyzed at a seasonal level (dry/rainy period) using a comet assay. For the control group, A. saxatilis samples were collected in an environmentally protected area on Tamandaré beach (68 km from Porto de Galinhas). The MN and NMA tests showed a greater frequency of genomic damage when there was greater tourist flow. In relation to rain seasonality, the comet assay showed a greater incidence of genomic damage during the dry period, where there was a higher rate of tourist migration, compared to the rainy period. The lockdown period presented a lower incidence of genotoxic damage compared to the period without restrictions on human mobility and the control. The results show that tourism has been causing a significant environmental impact on Porto de Galinhas beach. The data collected during the lockdown period demonstrated how the absence of human movement results in changes that are favorable to environmental recuperation, as illustrated by the lower frequency of genomic damage.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting tourism regimes due to the COVID-19 lockdown reveal varied genomic toxicity in a tropical beach in the Southern Atlantic

Lima

et al. 2022

Environ Monit Assess

“…In addition to the use in medicine, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) NPs are used in food additives and cosmetics and have shown a significant immunotoxic potential [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. A recent report on primary peripheral human blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed an altered redox state and cytokine release against TiO 2 NP exposure [ 53 ]. In this study, the embedding of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with TiO 2 NPs (TiO 2 @MSN) showed reduced induction of immune response, suggesting that this modification can adjust the NPs-induced immune response of TiO 2 NPs [ 53 ].…”

Section: Nanoparticles-induced Immunotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent report on primary peripheral human blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed an altered redox state and cytokine release against TiO 2 NP exposure [ 53 ]. In this study, the embedding of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with TiO 2 NPs (TiO 2 @MSN) showed reduced induction of immune response, suggesting that this modification can adjust the NPs-induced immune response of TiO 2 NPs [ 53 ]. BSA-functionalized TiO 2 NPs exposure to murine macrophage cells induced ROS generation, nitric oxide production, and antioxidants (e.g., SOD and Nrf2) depletion [ 54 ].…”

Section: Nanoparticles-induced Immunotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulation, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles

Pandey

Mishra

2022

BioTech

Altered immune responses associated with human disease conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases, are among the primary causes of morbidity across the world. A wealth of studies has demonstrated the efficiency of nanoparticles (NPs)-based immunotherapy strategies in different laboratory model systems. Nanoscale dimensions (<100 nm) enable NPs to have increased surface area to volume ratio, surface charge, and reactivity. Physicochemical properties along with the shapes, sizes, and elasticity influence the immunomodulatory response induced by NPs. In recent years, NPs-based immunotherapy strategies have attained significant focus in the context of cancers and autoimmune diseases. This rapidly growing field of nanomedicine has already introduced ~50 nanotherapeutics in clinical practices. Parallel to wide industrial applications of NPs, studies have raised concerns about their potential threat to the environment and human health. In past decades, a wealth of in vivo and in vitro studies has demonstrated the immunotoxicity potential of various NPs. Given that the number of engineered/designed NPs in biomedical applications is continuing to increase, it is pertinent to establish the toxicity profile for their safe and intelligent use in biomedical applications. The review is intended to summarize the NPs-induced immunomodulation pertaining to toxicity and therapeutic development in human health.

“…However, in HEK293T, the cell viability in the presence of both CuO@PEG NPs and CuZn@TrEG NPs was improved (>70% up to 25 and 20 μg/mL, respectively). The different effect of CuO@PEG and CuZn@TrEG NPs on different cell types could be attributed to the ability of most mononuclear cells to phagocyte extracellular NPs. − Considering the ionic release of the tested NPs, it seems that there is a correlation between the quantity of released ions and the biocompatibility of NPs. Both CuO@PEG and CuZn@TrEG exerted enhanced ionic release, while the ionic release of ZnO@PEG NPs was negligible.…”

Section: Mic Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocktail of CuO, ZnO, or CuZn Nanoparticles and Antibiotics for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa via Efflux Pump Inhibition

Eleftheriadou

Sivropoulou

Skoura

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria have become an extremely serious public health concern. Bacteria can develop resistance through various mechanisms. Drug extrusion by the multidrug efflux pumps represents an important mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. Inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps as adjuvants in antibacterial therapy are a reasonable and cost-effective pursuit since the shortage of antibiotics threatens global human health. Combined use of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) with conventional antibiotics constitutes a promising alternative for fighting antibiotic resistance as NPs could restore the activity of the existing antibiotics. In the present study, the potential role of polyol-coated CuO, ZnO, and CuZn NPs as efflux pump inhibitors has been investigated against MDR clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mode of action of the NPs was evaluated by studying their synergistic activity in combination with the antibiotics meropenem and ciprofloxacin, and their efflux inhibitory activity was studied by real-time fluorometry and a cartwheel assay. The results showed that the NPs act synergistically, in a concentration-dependent manner, with antibiotics known to be subject to efflux. Furthermore, the killing effect of the synergistic combinations over time was determined by time–kill studies. All the NPs at the lowest tested concentration enhanced the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin, as it was evidenced by both checkerboard and time–kill assays. Real-time fluorometric analyses revealed that NPs at sub-inhibitory concentrations promote the intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide (EtBr). The EtBr agar cartwheel method showed that the NPs at the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration increased the fluorescence even at lower concentrations of EtBr, whereas in the absence of NPs, there was a much lower fluorescence. These results suggest that NPs may serve as potential sources of efflux pump inhibitors in order to tackle antimicrobial resistance.