Genotoxicity of Acrylic Bone Cements

Abstract

The genotoxicity of conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and a new formulation of bone cement: methylmethacrylate/n-decylmethacrylate/isobornylmethacrylate (MMA/DMA/IBMA) were tested by micronucleus test and reverse mutation assays of Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test). In extracts from cement pellets (37 degrees, 72 hr) with water and water/ethanol the concentration of MMA was reduced by 13-19 times with the new formulation and the concentrations of accelerators were reduced by 4-5 times. New chemical constituents (DMA, IBMA, dihydroxy-propyl-p-toluidine) were found in negligible concentrations. In the micronucleus test all three cement brands were found non-mutagenic and in the Ames test scattered increased revertant ratios were found without differences between the three brands. The new formulation does not possess any increased risk of genotoxicity.

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 71: Consideration of aliphatic, linear, alpha, beta‐unsaturated carboxylic acids and related esters

“…(Kinsella, 1982) No data on cytotoxicity reported. 1 (Jensen et al, 1991) Ames S. typh . 1 (Jensen et al, 1991) Ames S. typh .…”

Toxicity assessment of a novel silk fibroin and poly-methyl-methacrylate composite material

“…There is no epidemiological evidence of carcinogenesis related to either silk or PMMA. Genotoxicity testing of PMMA using the micronucleus and Ames tests showed no increased risk of genotoxicity 21 . The excessive hardness of PMMA has the disadvantage of potentially damaging adjacent vertebral bodies.…”

Aseptic loosening of Boneloc R cemented hip prostheses

“…It was less toxic [6,15], easier to handle with less polymer leakage into air because of the integrated mixing and application system [2]. The polymerisation temperature was lower and there was a lower concentration of methylmethacrylate in venous blood.…”

“…The polymerisation temperature was lower and there was a lower concentration of methylmethacrylate in venous blood. Residual amines in the cement had been reduced [6].…”

“…Boneloc R cement was marketed without any clinical documentation. We began using it for routine total hip replacements (THR) in February 1992 because there was promise of it being less toxic [6,12,15], it would be easier to handle, polymer leakage into the air was reduced because of an integrated mixing system [2,7,12], and it had a lower polymerisation temperature than our usual cement (Palacos R ) [12].…”