Genotype analysis of T. gondii strains associated with human infection in Egypt

Abstract

The distribution of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes varies from one geographic area to another. The present study aimed to determine T. gondii genotypes associated with human infection in Egypt. Individuals seropositive for anti-toxoplasma IgG and IgM (group I, n = 50) or for specific IgG only (group II, n = 50) were enrolled. Of the participants, 75 % were asymptomatic pregnant women. The others presented with lymphadenitis (n = 21), chorioretinitis (n = 3), and unexplained hepatomegaly (n = 1). Using nested PCR, T. gondii GRA6-coding fragment was amplified from DNA extracted from blood samples of participants. Amplification was successful in 12 samples with nonsignificant difference between both groups but with a significant association with the presence of toxoplasmosis-related manifestations. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of these samples revealed the presence of type I in seven samples and atypical types in five samples. Both typical and atypical strains were detected in individuals of both groups with no bias towards specific clinical presentation.

A long-lasting protective immunity against chronic toxoplasmosis in mice induced by recombinant rhoptry proteins encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles

“…As one of the most successful pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals including human beings, with a worldwide distribution (Dubey 2010;Robert-Gangneux and Darde 2012;Tolba et al 2014;Gjerde and Josefsen 2015;Sharif et al 2015). T. gondii infection in pregnant women could cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or some other newborn diseases such as ocular diseases, intracranial calcifications, and hydrocephaly (Montoya and Liesenfeld 2004;Dubey 2010).…”

Association between Toxoplasma gondii types and outcomes of human infection: A meta-analysis

“…Figure 2 shows that 1 (7%) [37] of the 15 included studies had a low risk of bias for selection, 13 studies (87%) [23-30, 32, 34-37] had medium risk, and 1 study (7%) [22] had a high risk of bias. The risk of bias for comparability was low in 10 studies (67%) [22,24,26,27,29,30,32,34,35,37] and medium in 5 studies (33%) [23,25,28,31,36]. For exposure, 8 studies (53%) [22,23,25,26,30,32,34,36] had a low risk of bias and 7 studies (47%) [24, 27-29, 31, 35, 37] had a high risk of bias.…”

“…Of the 1,560 potentially relevant citations identified, 39 case-control studies published in 15 articles [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], comprising a total of 1,891 individuals, met the study criteria and were included in our meta-analysis ( Figure 1). The types of T. gondii involved in our analysis were grouped in "clonal lineages" (Types I, II, and III), "recombinant" (Types I/II, I/III, and II/III), and "the other types" (TONT, GPHT, MAS, GANGI, Africa 1, Africa 2, Caribbean 1, Br I, Br II, Br III, ToxoDB#19, #108, #163, #206, #226, #227, #228, and #229).…”

“…Meta-analysis T. gondii types and asymptomatic infection. In total, five case-control studies [23,24,27,28,36] were included to perform the meta-analyses based on the association between T. gondii types and asymptomatic infection. However, our results did not reveal a significant association between T. gondii types and asymptomatic infection in humans (p > 0.05) ( Supplementary Table IX).…”

“…T. gondii types and human toxoplasmosis. In the meta-analysis of T. gondii types and risk of human toxoplasmosis, 26 case-control studies published in 15 articles were included [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][34][35][36][37] (Supplementary Tables VI-VIII). The result showed that the odds of Type I strains infection were significantly higher in patients with congenital toxoplasmosis compared with those without congenital toxoplasmosis (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.31-2.80, p = 0.0009) (Table II and Supplementary Table VI).…”