Genotype- and age-dependent patterns of lignin and cellulose in regenerants derived from 80-year-old trees of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Abstract

Proliferating shoot cultures of black mulberry (Morus nigra), derived from axillary buds of two donor trees designated as Mn1 and Mn2, more than 80 years of age, were established in vitro. Subsequently, shoot-tips were used to induce both axillary and adventitious shoot regeneration following incubation on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 14 different treatments of various concentrations of plant growth regulators, including 6-benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), and combinations of BA with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and TDZ with BA. The highest shoot proliferation of 5.3 shoots per explant for the Mn1 tree and 6.9 shoots per explant for the Mn2 tree were obtained when explants were incubated on a medium containing 0.5 mg l -1 BA and 0.1 mg l -1 IBA. The maximum frequency of adventitious rooting was similar for both genotypes. Changes in lignin and cellulose content, macromolecular properties of dioxane and Klason lignins, lignin monomer composition, and macromolecular properties of cellulose were determined in 1-year-old and 3 year-old micropropagated plants, as well as in the donor trees. Lignin and cellulose properties were significantly dependent on the genotype, the age and the mutual interaction of both these factors. The syringyl to guaiacyl weight ratio in lignin rose with the age of the micropropagated plants. Moreover, the tensile strength of wood in 1-year-old plants was supported by a high cellulose degree of polymerization. The highest polydispersity index of cellulose was detected in 3-year-old plants.

Lignin Synthesis, Affected by Sucrose in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seedlings, Was Involved in Regulation of Root Formation in the Arabidopsis thanliana

“…Lignin deposition is related to the age of the plant. Durkovic et al (2011) reports that 3-year-old plants have higher concentrations of lignin than 1-year-old plants [43]. Further, callus cells in roots have a higher lignin content than meristem [44].…”

NnLAC17, a Gene Related to Lignin Synthesis, is Involved in Adventitious Root Formation in the Seedlings of Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn)

“…Lignin deposition is related to the age of the plant. Durkovic et al [47] reported that 3-year-old plants have higher concentrations of lignin than 1-year-old plants. Further, callus cells in roots have higher lignin content than meristem [48].…”

Reversible and irreversible effects of mild thermal treatment on the properties of wood used for making musical instruments: comparing mulberry to spruce

“…Wood has special mechanical and acoustical properties, and this had been traditionally used in the field of musical instruments making (Endo et al 2016). As it has generally been considered in scientific studies, mainly based on Western/globalised cultures, suitable wood for making stringed musical instruments would often be defined by higher modulus of elasticity (E) per specific gravity (γ), and by lower damping by internal friction (tanδ) than other woods (Ono & Norimoto 1983).…”

“…It is often argued that musical instrument makers and artisans would consider aged wood as a material with improved physical and acoustical properties such as reduced moisture expansion and damping (Endo et al 2016, Obataya 2017. Two interesting studies show some "improvement" in the acoustical properties of long-term aged pine wood (Noguchi et al 2012) or spruce wood (Obataya et al 2020).…”

“…(Hydro-) thermal treatments might be considered as a kind of accelerated ageing, since raising temperature accelerate chemical changes which occur during natural ageing (Matsuo et al 2011, Marcon et al 2018, Zeniya et al 2019c, and accelerated aged wood can be, at least partially, similar to naturally aged wood, regarding increased stability and rigidity as well as appearance and colour (Obataya 2009, 2017, Endo et al 2016.…”