Geochemical and stable isotope characteristics of urban heavy rain in the downtown of Tokyo, Japan

Uchiyama, Ryunosuke; Okochi, Hiroshi; Ogata, Hiroko; Katsumi, Naoya; Asai, Daisuke; Nakano, Takanori

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.029

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…We have shown that UHR has lower pH, higher concentrations of NO 3 − and SO 4 2− , and greater hourly rainfall amounts compared with normal rainfall and THR [ Uchiyama et al , ]. Adding to the data collected in 2016 and identifying additional frontal heavy rain event (FHR), the mean concentrations of major inorganic ions in various types of rain events, collected at Shinjuku, Tokyo, on an event basis, from October 2012 to December 2016, are shown in Table .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This indicates the same formation process for FHR as for normal rain and the dilution effect (as mentioned above). The ratio of the concentration of each major ion in THR to that in normal rain was reported by Uchiyama et al [], and they implied that the sea salt components (Na + , Cl − , and Mg 2+ ) had higher concentrations in THR than in normal rain, while the acidic components had lower concentrations in THR. These results indicated that acidic substances were effectively scavenged by UHR.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rainfall Amount of Inorganic Ions in Normal Rain, UHR, THR, and FHR Figure 5 shows the total wet deposition flux of inorganic ions in normal rain (n = 68), UHR (n = 15), THR (n = 6), and FHR (n = 11) with rainfall time per event and hourly mean rainfall amount from October 2012 to Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 10.1002/2017JD026803 December 2016. The total wet deposition flux was calculated as in Uchiyama et al [2017]. The rainfall times of normal rain, UHR, THR, and FHR were 15.4 h, 1.68 h, 15.9 h, and 26.3 h on average, respectively.…”

Section: Deposition Flux and Hourlymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of air pollutants on rainwater chemistry during “urban‐induced heavy rainfall” in downtown Tokyo, Japan

et al. 2017

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In order to clarify the impact of air pollution on the formation of sudden and locally distributed heavy rain in urban areas (hereafter UHR = urban‐induced heavy rain), we analyzed inorganic ions in rainwater samples collected on an event basis over 5 years from October 2012 to December 2016 in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Hourly rainfall amounts and wet deposition fluxes of acidic components (the sum of H+, NH4+, NO3−, and nonsea‐salt SO42−) in UHR were 13.1 and 17.8 times larger than those in normal rainfall, respectively, indicating that large amount of air pollutants were scavenged and deposited by UHR with large amounts of rainfall. The level of air pollutants, such as NO2, SO2, and potential ozone, in the ambient air increased just before the formation of UHR and decreased sharply at the end of the UHR event. These results indicate that NO2, which was formed secondarily by oxidants, was further oxidized by HO radicals and formed HNO3 just before the formation of UHR, which was subsequently scavenged by UHR.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deposition Flux and Hourlymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of air pollutants on rainwater chemistry during “urban‐induced heavy rainfall” in downtown Tokyo, Japan

et al. 2017

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“…The study of water isotopes (in the vapor or liquid phase) is applied to a growing number of fields, including atmospheric research, ecology and geochemistry, biomedicine, climate and paleoclimate studies, geological surveys, hydrological studies, and clinical research for diagnosis. − Particularly, stable isotope is an important target in the study of ice core, since the study of stable isotope of glacier water may be able to date the ice core. Furthermore, water sources of plants, differentiation of evapotranspiration components, isotopic composition of water in mineral water, fruit juice, wine, and liquor are also of great relevance to the isotopic study of water. − …”

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Analysis of the Stable Isotope Ratios (¹⁸O/¹⁶O, ¹⁷O/¹⁶O, and D/H) in Glacier Water by Laser Spectrometry

et al. 2020

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A compact isotope ratio sensor based on laser absorption spectroscopy at 2.7 μm was developed for high precision and simultaneous measurements of the D/H, 18 O/ 16 O and 17 O/ 16 O isotope ratios in glacier water. Measurements of the oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in glacier water demonstrate a 1σ precision of 0.3‰ for δ 18 O, 0.2‰ for δ 17 O, and 0.5‰ for δ 2 H, respectively. The δ values of the working standard glacier water obtained by the calibrated sensor system is basically identical to the IRMS measurement results with a very high calibration accuracy from 0.17‰ to 0.75‰. Preliminary results on the reproducibility measurements display a standard deviation of 0.13‰ for δ 18 O, 0.13‰ for δ 17 O, and 0.64‰ for δ 2 H, respectively.

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“…Also, Alizadeh Choobari, Bidokhti, Ghafarian, and Najafi (2016) investigated PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels in the north of Tehran, which were found to be significantly higher than the national average on a per m 2 basis. The excessive emission of pollutants and acidifying compounds such as nitrous oxides and sulphuric acid into the atmosphere favours conditions for acid rain in the form of fog, snow, and rain (Uchiyama et al, 2017;Zheng & Yu Hong, 1994). Acid rain is defined as rain characterized by pH values lower than 5.6 (Mirhosseini, Shahabpour, & Farpour, 2009;Neill, 1993;Purohit & Kakrani, 2002;Welburn, 1990).…”

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The increase of rainfall erosivity and initial soil erosion processes due to rainfall acidification

Kavian

Alipour

Soleimani

et al. 2018

Hydrological Processes

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The drastic growth of population in highly industrialized urban areas, as well as fossil fuel use, is increasing levels of airborne pollutants and enhancing acid rain. In rapidly developing countries such as Iran, the occurrence of acid rain has also increased. Acid rain is a driving factor of erosion due to the destructive effects on biota and aggregate stability; however, little is known about its impact on specific rates of erosion at the pedon scale. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of acid rain at pH levels of 5.25, 4.25, and 3.75 for rainfall intensities of 40, 60, and 80 mm h−1 on initial soil erosion processes under dry and saturated soil conditions using rainfall simulations. The results were compared using a two‐way ANOVA and Duncan tests and showed that initial soil erosion rates with acidic rain and non‐acidic rain under dry soil conditions were significantly different. The highest levels of soil particle loss due to splash effects in all rainfall intensities were observed with the most acidic rain (pH = 3.75), reaching maximum values of 16 g m−2 min−1. The lowest levels of particle losses were observed in the control plot where non‐acidic rain was used, with values ranging from 3.8 to 8.1 g m−2 min−1. Similarly, under saturated soil conditions, the lowest level of soil particle loss was observed in the control plot, and the highest peaks of soil loss were observed for the most acidic rains (pH = 3.75 and pH = 4.25), reaching maximum average values of 40 g m−2 min−1. However, for saturated soils with acidic water but with non‐acidic rain, the highest soil particle loss was observed for the control plot for all the rainfall intensities. In conclusion, acidic rain has a negative impact on soils, which can be more intense with a concomitant increase in rainfall intensity. Rapid solutions, therefore, need to be found to reduce the emission of pollutants into the air, otherwise, rainfall erosivity may drastically increase.

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Geochemical and stable isotope characteristics of urban heavy rain in the downtown of Tokyo, Japan

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

The impact of air pollutants on rainwater chemistry during “urban‐induced heavy rainfall” in downtown Tokyo, Japan

The impact of air pollutants on rainwater chemistry during “urban‐induced heavy rainfall” in downtown Tokyo, Japan

Analysis of the Stable Isotope Ratios (¹⁸O/¹⁶O, ¹⁷O/¹⁶O, and D/H) in Glacier Water by Laser Spectrometry

The increase of rainfall erosivity and initial soil erosion processes due to rainfall acidification

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Geochemical and stable isotope characteristics of urban heavy rain in the downtown of Tokyo, Japan

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

The impact of air pollutants on rainwater chemistry during “urban‐induced heavy rainfall” in downtown Tokyo, Japan

The impact of air pollutants on rainwater chemistry during “urban‐induced heavy rainfall” in downtown Tokyo, Japan

Analysis of the Stable Isotope Ratios (18O/16O, 17O/16O, and D/H) in Glacier Water by Laser Spectrometry

The increase of rainfall erosivity and initial soil erosion processes due to rainfall acidification

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Analysis of the Stable Isotope Ratios (¹⁸O/¹⁶O, ¹⁷O/¹⁶O, and D/H) in Glacier Water by Laser Spectrometry