Geochemical Balance of a Small Watershed and Its Geomorphic Implications

Cleaves, Emery T.; Godfrey, Andrew E.; Bricker, Owen P.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:gboasw]2.0.co;2

Cited by 206 publications

(113 citation statements)

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“…The sediment yield from a first-order forested basin evaluated during the study was considerably larger than previously documented for small forested basins [Cleaves et al, 1970;Yorke and Herb, 1978;Patric et al, 1984]. This was attributed to several factors, the most apparent being active upland channel extension and enlargement.…”

Section: Sediment Yield Land Use and Spatial Scalesmentioning

confidence: 52%

Closing the Gap Between Watershed Modeling, Sediment Budgeting, and Stream Restoration

Smith¹,

Belmont²,

Wilcock³

2013

Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems

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(2011), Closing the gap between watershed modeling, sediment budgeting, and stream restoration, in Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 194 The connection between stream restoration and sediment budgeting runs both ways: stream restoration is proposed as a means to reduce sediment yields, but an accurate understanding of sediment supply is necessary to design an effective project. Recent advances in monitoring technology, geochemical techniques, high-resolution topography data, and numerical modeling provide new opportunities to estimate sediment erosion, transport, and deposition rates; upscale them in a geomorphically relevant fashion; and synthesize sediment dynamics at watershed scales. For practical application at large scale, watershed models used to predict yield often do not resolve lower-order channels, leaving an essential "blind spot" regarding sediment processes. We illustrate the challenges and emerging approaches for estimating sediment budgets using examples from two very different physiographic settings: the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont and the agricultural plains of southern Minnesota. We highlight common challenges and themes in defining an effective watershed sediment model. In both cases, reliable estimates of sediment yield depend essentially on the accurate identification of sediment sources and sinks and, hence, require careful delineation of landscape units and identification of dominant sediment sources and sinks. The primary elements needed to bridge the gap between sediment budgeting, watershed modeling, and stream restoration are (1) specificity regarding location, mechanism, and rates of erosion, (2) accurate accounting of sediment storage, (3) appropriate methods for upscaling local observations, (4) efficient means for incorporating multiple lines of evidence to constrain budget estimates, and (5) stream restoration methods that incorporate sediment supply in assessment and design procedures.

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Section: Sediment Yield Land Use and Spatial Scalesmentioning

confidence: 52%

Closing the Gap Between Watershed Modeling, Sediment Budgeting, and Stream Restoration

Smith¹,

Belmont²,

Wilcock³

2013

Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems

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“…All except four values showed an increase in these properties during the time of lower discharge. Slack (1964) and Cleaves, Godfrey, and Bricker (1970) have pointed out that decaying of leaves shed by trees in the fall contributes a large amount of dissolved-mineral matter to the water of small streams in the fall months. The increase of specific conductance and hardness in the small streams of this area may be due, at least in part, to this phenomenon.…”

Section: Sampling Procedures and Results Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical prospecting using water from small streams in central South Carolina

Bell¹,

Siple²

1973

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“…Cleaves et al (1970) realizaram importante contribuição ao trabalhar com fluxos elementares (carga normalizada pela área) introduzindo tempo e taxa, além de considerar o fator biomassa no estudo de balanço de massa entre solutos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Plagioclase Dissolution Rate in a Granite-Gneiss Watershed of a Moist Tropical Mountain Forest

et al. 2018

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ResumoUma área de 180 ha na cabeceira da bacia hidrográfica do Paquequer, sistema de drenagem situado no município de Teresó-polis, foi selecionada para avaliação do intemperismo químico a partir de amostras de água fluvial coletadas em fevereiro e agosto de 2013 em substrato granito-gnaissico e local livre de influência antrópica direta, por estar inserido no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. A área estudada possui cobertura de mata nativa, altitude variando de 1100 a 1900 m e precipitação média anual de 2800 mm. Os elementos dissolvidos (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Al, Si) foram determinados por espectrometrias atômicas com plasma indutivamente acoplado e os ânions Cl -e SO 4 2-, por cromatografia iônica. Esses resultados, assim como os dados de concentração de compostos nitrogenados e fosfatados (Alvim, 2016), de deposição atmosférica local (Rodrigues, 2006) e de composição litogeoquímica (Zorita, 1979;Tupinambá, 1999;Tupinambá et al., 2012) foram usados para gerar o modelo de dissolução de minerais, empregando o software PHREEQC. O balanço de massa apontou o Na como principal espécie química produto de intemperismo. Os dados mineralógicos mostram plagioclásio, quartzo, k-feldspato e biotita como mais abundantes no substrato, dentre os quais, unicamente o plagioclá-sio possui sódio em sua composição. De acordo com a série de Goldich (estabilidade mineral ao intemperismo), o plagioclásio foi identificado como principal mineral intemperizado desta assembleia, sendo consumido em uma taxa de 649 mol ha -1 ano -1 formando os minerais caulinita e gibbsita, e contribuindo com a liberação de no mínimo 818 mol ha -1 ano -1 e no máximo 1490 mol ha -1 ano -1 de sílica dissolvida (valor medido). Considerando o plagioclásio como o principal mineral responsável pelo fluxo de Na, a partir de cálculos estequiométricos associados à proporção de Si, estimou-se que a partir do intemperismo apenas do mineral plagioclásio, o solo deveria ser composto por 14% de caulinita e 86% de gibbsita em percentual molar relativo às duas fases minerais, o que está de acordo com os valores determinados no solo por difração de raio X (7% caulinita e 93% gibbsita). Palavras-chave: Hidrogeoquímica fluvial; Intemperismo químico; Caulinita; Gibbsita; Solos tropicais Abstract A 180 ha area in the headwater of Paquequer watershed, a drainage system located at the Teresópolis municipality, was selected for the evaluation of chemical weathering from collected river water samples in February and August 2013 in a granitic-gnaissic substrate free of direct anthropogenic influence for being located in a conservation unit (Serra dos Órgãos National Park). The study area has a native forest cover, an altitude range of 1100-1900 m and an average annual rainfall of 2800 mm. The dissolved elements (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Si, Al) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometries and the anions Cl -and SO 4 2-, by ion chromatography. These results, combined with the concentration data of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds (Alvim, 2016), the atmospheric deposition (Rodrigue...

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Geochemical Balance of a Small Watershed and Its Geomorphic Implications

Cited by 206 publications

References 0 publications

Closing the Gap Between Watershed Modeling, Sediment Budgeting, and Stream Restoration

Closing the Gap Between Watershed Modeling, Sediment Budgeting, and Stream Restoration

Geochemical prospecting using water from small streams in central South Carolina

Plagioclase Dissolution Rate in a Granite-Gneiss Watershed of a Moist Tropical Mountain Forest

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