Geochemical Characterization and Controlling Factors of Chemical Composition of Spring Water in a Part of Eastern Himalaya

Abstract

This paper focuses on the suitability of spring water for drinking and irrigation purposes in a part of eastern Himalaya, south Sikkim. There are many anthropogenic and geogenic factors contributing as a source of major cations and anions in the spring water. The spring water chemistry show a variation in EC, pH, TDS, Temperature, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Pb, Mn, Cu, HCO3−, Cl−, PO43−, NO3−, F− and SO42−. Mainly two types of water quality indexing has been used, one for suitability of spring water for drinking purposes and the other for irrigation purposes. For drinking purposes, Piper diagram used for determination of water type, water quality index (WQI) for quality monitoring and saturation index for mineral dissolution in water. % Na, RSC (Residual Sodium Carbon) and SAR (sodium absorption ratio) have been used for irrigation suitability. Piper diagram shows that CaHCO3 type of water was dominant in the study area. The WQI depicted excellent category and SAR, percent sodium and RSC (Residual Sodium Carbon) depict excellent, good and permissible category for irrigation purposes. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the major influencing factor responsible for the variability in the parameters analysed of spring water.

Baseline evaluation of legacy hydrochemical data for the Republican River watershed, southcentral Nebraska, USA

“…Silicate (feldspar) weathering is a primary geochemical process controlling the major ion chemistry of groundwater (especially in igneous aquifers) and surface waters (Mackenzie and Garrels 1965;Dehnavi et al 2011;Vishwakarma et al 2018;Atkinson 2019). Specifically, silicate-rock weathering increases the concentration of HCO 3 in groundwater in accordance with (Dehnavi et al 2011) Eq.…”

“…Specifically, silicate-rock weathering increases the concentration of HCO 3 in groundwater in accordance with (Dehnavi et al 2011) Eq. (1) Numerous researchers have found that in the (Ca + Mg) (y axis) versus (HCO 3 + SO 4 ) scatter diagram, the ionic concentrations plotting above the 1:1 equiline result primarily from carbonate (calcite and dolomite) weathering and dissolution and/or from reverse ion exchange (Datta and Tyagi 1996;Gomaa et al 2013;Vishwakarma et al 2018;Atkinson 2019), whereas those falling along the equiline are attributable to carbonate (calcite and dolomite) and sulfate mineral (e.g., gypsum, anhydrite) dissolution. Sample analyses that plot below the 1:1 line reflect silicate (feldspar) weathering/dissolution as the dominant process, or ion exchange is a second potential geochemical process.…”

Impact of industrial wastewater disposal on surface water bodies in Kalingarayan canal, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India

“…The values found above 0.5 have been highlighted and considered for the relationship study. If the correlation coefficient is between 0.5 and 0.8, a moderate relationship was considered and above 0.8, a strong relationship was considered (Vishwakarma et al, 2019). It is clear from the results that the TSS was negatively correlated with all variables and was not significantly correlated with any of the parameters in all seasons.…”

Assessment of Physicochemical Properties and Comparative Pollution Status of the Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh

“…The concentration levels of TSS were observed at high levels in all the peripheral rivers of Dhaka under assessment (Figure 7). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is very useful in assessing the resistance of industrial waste and sewage to contamination and the quantity of oxygen required to oxidize organic and inorganic materials in a sample [66]. The COD levels in Dhaleshwari varied between 121.2 and 935 mg/L (Figure 8).…”