The Ganga River is a major river of North India and is known for its fertile alluvium deposits formed due to floods throughout the Indo-Gangetic plains. Flood frequency analysis has been carried out through various approaches for the Ganga River by many scientists. With changes in river bed brought out by anthropogenic changes the intensity of flood has also changed in the last decade, which calls for further study. The present study is in a part of the Upper Indo-Ganga plains subzone 1(e). Statistical distributions applied on the discharge data at two stations found that for Haridwar lognormal and for Garhmukteshwar Gumbel EV1 is applicable. The importance of this study lies in its ability to predict the discharge for a return period after a suitable distribution is found for an area. Keywords Discharge Á Flood frequency Á Generalized extreme value Á Goodness of fit tests Á Gumbel distribution Á Lognormal 3P Á Log Pearson type III

This paper focuses on the suitability of spring water for drinking and irrigation purposes in a part of eastern Himalaya, south Sikkim. There are many anthropogenic and geogenic factors contributing as a source of major cations and anions in the spring water. The spring water chemistry show a variation in EC, pH, TDS, Temperature, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Pb, Mn, Cu, HCO3−, Cl−, PO43−, NO3−, F− and SO42−. Mainly two types of water quality indexing has been used, one for suitability of spring water for drinking purposes and the other for irrigation purposes. For drinking purposes, Piper diagram used for determination of water type, water quality index (WQI) for quality monitoring and saturation index for mineral dissolution in water. % Na, RSC (Residual Sodium Carbon) and SAR (sodium absorption ratio) have been used for irrigation suitability. Piper diagram shows that CaHCO3 type of water was dominant in the study area. The WQI depicted excellent category and SAR, percent sodium and RSC (Residual Sodium Carbon) depict excellent, good and permissible category for irrigation purposes. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the major influencing factor responsible for the variability in the parameters analysed of spring water.

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In the present work attempt has been made to determine the groundwater quality in four talukas of Ratnagiri district: Chiplun, Khed, Guhagar and Dapoli. Total 60 groundwater samples were collected from borewells and handpumps in premonsoon and postmonsoon season. The groundwater samples were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Na, Mg, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, Fe and F to comprehend the hydrogeochemistry of the study area. The spatio temporal variation of the major cations and anions has been shown in interpolation maps. The groundwater has concentration of iron above permissible limit in the industrial area of LoteParshuram. Piper trilinear diagram has been plotted to understand the hydrochemical facies that showed that water is mainly Ca-Cl-HCO3 type. Durov diagram was used to know the hydrogeochemical nature of the groundwater. The scatter plot diagram of concentration of calcium and magnesium against bicarbonate and sulfate of groundwater indicates that silicate weathering is dominating the area. Chloro Alkaline Indices showed that there is direct exchange of ions in most of the samples. Trends in mineral saturation indices have been studied by the PHREEQC. The groundwater showed oversaturation of iron. Water quality index based on WHO parameters has been calculated which showed that majority of water samples are recommended for drinking purpose except few samples which have very high iron concentration. The suitability of groundwater for the purpose of Irrigation has been determined by evaluating parameters Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percent (% Na), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Ratio, Kelley Ratio and Permeability Index. The results showed that most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation.

In many Asian megacities, millions of human inhabitants are dependent on groundwater for fulfilling daily water demand due to lack of public water supply and infrastructure. Many of these megacities are situated on alluvial plains which are more susceptible to contamination also. The present study has been carried out in Jhajjar District, Haryana, a part of Indo-Gangetic Plain, India. Indo-Gangetic plain, harbour one of the most productive alluvial aquifer of the world and plays an important role in Indian economy. After green revolution, in a large part of Indo-Gangetic plain groundwater salinization and contamination has been reported. In past few decades, groundwater in Jhajjar district is continuously degraded by fluoride, sulphate, chloride, salinity, etc. problems. So, the present study aims to assess the groundwater quality of the alluvial aquifer of Jhajjar district using integrated approach. Hydrochemistry in integration with stable isotopes (δ18O and δD), GIS and multivariate statistical analysis has been to decipher the sub-surface geochemical processes taking place. Twenty-one groundwater samples were collected and a total 14 hydro-chemical parameter and water stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) has been analyzed. Hierarchical clustering of hydro-chemical and isotopic data classified the water in three groups, varying from fresh to brackish/salt waters. Sampling location with higher salinity is showing enriched fluoride signature. Depletion in water level, insufficient flushing with freshwater is affecting fresh-saline water interface which favors the dissolution and mobilization of salts from the unsaturated zone as well as pollution in aquifer. Understanding the recharge processes and the groundwater dynamics is critical to assess the vulnerability and protection of groundwater resources.