The freezing point
of crude oils is an important factor
affecting
the process of exploration, development, and transportation of crude
oils. In the Dongying Sag, the freezing point of crude oils varies
greatly in space, and high-freezing-point crude oils have been found
in many structural belts. The freezing point of crude oils in the
Dongying Sag is generally high, ranging from −40 to 80 °C.
The distribution of high-freezing-point crude oils in the Dongying
Sag is scattered, and they have been found at different depths, layers,
and structural belts, with relatively more occurrences in specific
areas. Based on the relationship between the wax content and the resin
+ asphaltene content, the high-freezing-point crude oils in the Dongying
Sag can be classified into three types (type A, type B, and type C).
Type A, type B, and type C high-freezing-point crude oils are mainly
found in the gentle slope zone, depression zone, and uplift zone,
respectively. The contents of wax and resins + asphaltenes in crude
oils are the key factors controlling the freezing point of crude oils
in the Dongying Sag. Oil source correlation using biomarkers and
n
-alkane carbon isotopes demonstrates that different types
of high-freezing-point crude oils are generated from different source
rocks, indicating that the source of crude oils is not the only factor
controlling the freezing point of crude oils. The hydrocarbon-generating
parent material of hydrocarbon source rocks developed in different
depositional environments of the Dongying Sag is generally characterized
by the dominance of bacteria and algae and is supplemented by terrestrial
higher plants. This lays the material foundation for the formation
of waxes during the maturation of hydrocarbon source rocks. The change
of temperature and pressure conditions during the process of oil expulsion
from source rocks and migration in the carrier bed will lead to phase
fractionation and composition changes of oils, thus forming type A
freezing point crude oils in the slope zone and type B freezing point
oils in the depression zone. The increase in resin and asphaltene
content caused by biodegradation and water washing in shallower buried
oil reservoirs is the reason for the formation of type C high-freezing-point
crude oils. The research results indicate that the organic matter
composition and hydrocarbon alteration during migration and accumulation
jointly control the formation of high-freezing-point crude oils in
lacustrine basins. The extensive input of terrestrial organic matter
into the source rocks of the lacustrine basin laid the foundation
for the formation of high-freezing-point crude oils, and the migration
fractionation and biodegradation of the crude oils further promoted
the formation of high-freezing-point crude oils.