For a few decades, map skills stay at the forefront of not only geographers' and geographic educators' research interest. To identify what has already been accomplished, where the research currently stands and where the potential for future studies lies, a review of the literature was carried out. Specifically, this comprehensive synthesis of map skill research focuses on three perspectives: terminology, methodological approaches, and mainly on investigated factors affecting the map skill level. As nonuniformity in terminology is apparent, an integrative framework of map skill types based on theoretical works and previous studies is proposed. Similarly, methods that can be more suitable and beneficial for future research than now prevailing non-standardized test are presented. These suggestions are mainly based on a variety of identified scarcely used methodological approaches. Furthermore, the synthesis shows that the number of factors which influence on the level of map skills has been tested is substantial. But that, frequently investigated categories of factors are identifiable. In addition, current gaps in map skill research are identified and insufficiently studied, yet potentially important factors are suggested for future studies.It is possible to designate basic categories of factors (i.e., independent variables) which may influence map skill level and its development based on the concept of cartographic communication (Koláčný, 1969; Wood, 1972) or eventually on the concept of cartographic interaction (Roth, 2012). Although the concept of cartographic communication has already been superseded in terms of the mediation of cartographic information, the categorization of factors influencing map skills is still appropriate.This involves factors associated with the map itself (map characteristics) on the one hand and factors, i.e., attributes, associated with the map user (user characteristics) on the other hand. These two categories should be supplemented with a third, which includes the characteristics of the social, learning, etc. environment (external factors). As the cartographer's creation of a map and, particularly, the map user's work with a map can be impeded or promoted by them (e.g., home environment, familiarity with the area, teacher's learning style). . Spatial thinking in geographic information science: Students' geospatial conceptions, map-based reasoning, and spatial visualization ability.