Geographic differences in trichothecene chemotypes ofFusarium graminearum in the Northwest and North of Iran

Abstract

The diversity and prevalence of Fusarium species and their chemotypes on wheat in the North-West and North of Iran was determined. Wheat in these areas is severely affected by Fusarium head blight, with Fusarium graminearum as prevalent species causing 96% of the infections in the North-West and 50% in the Northern provinces. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characters and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, and parts of translation elongation factor 1-? and RNA polymerase subunit II sequences. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses show little haplotype variation between the F. graminearum strains collected from the different locations, but the isolates differ significantly in their trichothecene chemotypes as determined with a multilocus genotyping assay. F. graminearum strains producing 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol were abundant in Ardabil (North-West of Iran), while in Golestan province (North of Iran) at the other side of the Caspian Sea especially nivalenol producing strains and a variety of other Fusarium species were observed. Strains producing 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol were rarely found in both areas. This is the first detailed study on Fusarium infections in Iranian wheat, showing large differences in prevalent etiological agents and in mycotoxin chemotypes geographically.

Spectrum ofFusariuminfections in tropical dermatology evidenced by multilocus sequencing typing diagnostics

“…. For rpb2 primer, combinations 5f2/7cr and 7cF/11aR were used with a modified programme: predenaturation for 3 min at 95 °C, five cycles of 45 s at 95 °C, 45 s at 58 °C and 2 min at 72 °C, five cycles of 45 s at 95 °C, 45 s at 56 °C and 2 min at 72 °C, 30 cycles of 45 s at 95 °C, 45 s at 52 °C and 2 min at 72 °C and a postelongation step of 8 min at 72 °C . For sequence typing of specific members of the FSSC, FIESC and FOSC, additional sequences were obtained: for FSSC and FIESC LSU and rpb1 and for FOSC IGS .…”

Multiplex Detection of Fusarium Species

“…Instead of separate PCR buffer, MgSO 4 , polymerase, and nucleotides it is also possible to use, e.g., Qiagen Multiplex PCR master mix [31]. After PCR the PCR products (2 μL + 10 μL 6× loading buffer) are run on the 1.5 % agarose gel in order to check for the sizes of the multiplex product together with 100 bp ladder (2 μL).…”

“…Instead of separate PCR buffer, MgSO 4, polymerase, and nucleotides it is also possible to use Multiplex PCR master mix [31].…”

“…-Tris-borate-EDTA 10×: 1 M boric acid, 1 M Tris, and 0.02 M EDTA in 1000 mL ddH 2 O. Alternatively multiplex PCR products can be purified using, e.g., Sephadex column [31].…”

“…4) of six gene sequences of the MLGT assay [30]. Later it has been possible to increase the number of probes, when the number of species in the F. graminearum species complex has increased (e.g., [31,32] …”