Geographic distribution of Pythium insidiosum infections in the United States

Nguyen, D.T.; Vilela, Raquel; Miraglia, Bruno Maltez; Vilela, Gabriella; Jasem-Alali, Noora; Rohn, Riann; Glass, Robert H.; Hansen, Richard; Mendoza, Leonel

doi:10.2460/javma.20.10.0595

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the United States, it is more prevalent in Gulf Coast states and in the southeastern, midwestern, and western regions of the country. 31,74 P. insidiosum can affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and, in some cases, nasal cavity of animals. 31 Pythiosis is mostly reported in dogs and horses, especially in the Americas.…”

Section: Oomycosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hyphae, pseudohyphae, yeasts, spherules, spores, and more: A review on the morphology and pathology of fungal and oomycete infections in the skin of domestic animals

et al. 2023

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Fungi are among the most common infectious agents affecting the skin of animals. The skin can serve as a port of entry for fungal infections, which can eventually become disseminated. In some regions of the world, oomycetes, such as Pythium and Lagenidium, are also responsible for a significant number of severe cutaneous infections. Histologic evaluation of fungal morphology, including size, shape, septation, branching, and budding characteristics, combined with the distribution of inflammatory infiltrates within different skin layers can potentially identify etiologic agents, guiding selection of antifungals and additional diagnostics. Fungal infections of the skin surface are typically caused by Malassezia and rarely Candida, with opportunistic fungi also capable of colonizing the skin surface, especially when the barrier is broken. Folliculocentric infections, caused by dermatophytes, result in mild to severe inflammation and can occasionally penetrate deep into the skin. A wide range of fungi, including agents of hyalohyphomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, and dimorphic fungal infections, as well as oomycetes, result in nodular cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions. With the occasional exception of dimorphic fungi, fungal speciation often requires cultures performed on fresh tissues. However, molecular techniques such as pan-fungal polymerase chain reaction on paraffin blocks is becoming an increasingly useful tool to distinguish between cutaneous fungal pathogens. This review focuses on describing the clinical and histologic features of the most common fungal and oomycete infections affecting the skin of animals, divided according to distribution patterns of lesions and fungal or oomycete morphology.

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Section: Oomycosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the United States, it is more prevalent in Gulf Coast states and in the southeastern, midwestern, and western regions of the country. 31,74…”

Section: Fungal Infections Causing Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Nodular...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyphae, pseudohyphae, yeasts, spherules, spores, and more: A review on the morphology and pathology of fungal and oomycete infections in the skin of domestic animals

et al. 2023

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“…Some cases were discovered for years before publication. For example, an ocular pythiosis patient was found 13 years before the clinical detail was reported in 1997 [166], and animal patients were recorded during 2000-2005 and 2016-2020 before the case collection was published in 2021 [169]. Strikingly, close to 80% of all recruited pythiosis patients were documented in the literature during the last decade (Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals

Yolanda

Krajaejun

2022

JoF

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Pythiosis is a difficult-to-treat infectious disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. The condition is unfamiliar among healthcare workers. Manifestation of pythiosis is similar to other fungal infections, leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. The geographical extent of pythiosis at a global scale is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the clinical information recorded in the scientific literature to comprehensively project epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and future trends of pythiosis. From 1980 to 2021, 4203 cases of pythiosis in humans (n = 771; 18.3%) and animals (primarily horse, dog, and cow; n = 3432; 81.7%), with an average of 103 cases/year, were recruited. Pythiosis case reports significantly increased in the last decade. Pythiosis spanned 23 tropical, subtropical, and temperate countries worldwide. Some patients acquired pythiosis from a trip to an endemic country. Strikingly, 94.3% of human cases were in India and Thailand, while 79.2% of affected animals were in the U.S.A. and Brazil. Clinical features of pythiosis varied. Vascular and ocular pythiosis were only observed in humans, whereas cutaneous/subcutaneous and gastrointestinal infections were predominant in animals. Mortality depended on host species and clinical forms: for example, none in patients with ocular pythiosis, 0.7% in cows with a cutaneous lesion, 26.8% in humans with vascular disease, 86.4% in dogs with gastrointestinal pathology, and 100% in several animals with disseminated infection. In summary, this study reports up-to-date epidemiological and clinical features of pythiosis in humans and animals. It increases awareness of this life-threatening disease, as the illness or outbreak can exist in any country, not limited to the endemic areas.

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“…Pythiosis is a significant concern for animal health, especially for horses, dogs, and, to a lesser extent, cats and other mammals [3]. In horses, the disease manifests as chronic, debilitating subcutaneous lesions, leading to systemic illness and significant tissue damage in the limbs, abdomen, and face.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating Pythiosis with Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis: An Overview

Loreto,

Tondolo,

Zanette

2024

JoF

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This review article explores the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in treating pythiosis, a difficult-to-treat infection caused by Pythium insidiosum. The article highlights the susceptibility of P. insidiosum to antibacterial drugs, such as macrolides, oxazolidinones, and tetracyclines. We examine various studies, including in vitro tests, experimental infection models, and clinical case reports. Based on our synthesis of these findings, we highlight the potential of these drugs in managing pythiosis, primarily when combined with surgical interventions. The review emphasizes the need for personalized treatment strategies and further research to establish standardized testing protocols and optimize therapeutic approaches.

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Geographic distribution of Pythium insidiosum infections in the United States

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Hyphae, pseudohyphae, yeasts, spherules, spores, and more: A review on the morphology and pathology of fungal and oomycete infections in the skin of domestic animals

Hyphae, pseudohyphae, yeasts, spherules, spores, and more: A review on the morphology and pathology of fungal and oomycete infections in the skin of domestic animals

Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals

Treating Pythiosis with Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis: An Overview

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