Geographic range and genus longevity of late Paleozoic brachiopods

Powell, Matthew G.

doi:10.1666/07011.1

Cited by 58 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…This is because species that are poor dispersers are expected to experience higher rates of extinction (and thus, lower net diversification rates) owing to reduced range size [59][60][61] or reduced rates of recolonization in metapopulation dynamics [62]. Therefore, extinction is most likely dampening a potentially steeper negative relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersal has inhibited avian diversification in Australasian archipelagoes

2014

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Different models of speciation predict contrasting patterns in the relationship between the dispersal ability of lineages and their diversification rates. This relationship is expected to be negative in isolation-limited models and positive in founder-event models. In addition, the combination of negative and positive effects of dispersal on speciation can result in higher diversification rates at intermediate levels of dispersal ability. Using molecular phylogenies to estimate diversification rates, and wing morphology to estimate dispersal ability, we analysed the influence of dispersal on diversification in the avifauna of Australasian archipelagoes. Contrary to expectations given the fragmented nature of island systems, the relationship between dispersal ability and diversification rate was monotonically negative. While multiple mechanisms could generate this pattern, they all share a phase of range expansion that is decoupled from speciation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersal has inhibited avian diversification in Australasian archipelagoes

2014

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“…Geographic range is increasingly recognized as a primary determinant of extinction risk (10,11,14,(48)(49)(50)(51). In most studies, however, correlates of extinction risk are assessed by pooling taxa from different clades with markedly different evolutionary histories and biological characteristics.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a positive relationship between range and duration could reflect chance survivorship or substantially different ways in which broad vs. narrowly distributed species establish and maintain their ranges. Some paleobiological studies have begun to address these questions (10,12,14,48,58), but additional work is necessary before analyses of the fossil record can be used fully to inform predictive models of extinction risk developed for extant species.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and indirect effects of biological factors on extinction risk in fossil bivalves

Harnik

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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Biological factors, such as abundance and body size, may contribute directly to extinction risk and indirectly through their influence on other biological characteristics, such as geographic range size. Paleontological data can be used to explicitly test many of these hypothesized relationships, and general patterns revealed through analysis of the fossil record can help refine predictive models of extinction risk developed for extant species. Here, I use structural equation modeling to tease apart the contributions of three canonical predictors of extinction-abundance, body size, and geographic range size-to the duration of bivalve species in the early Cenozoic marine fossil record of the eastern United States. I find that geographic range size has a strong direct effect on extinction risk and that an apparent direct effect of abundance can be explained entirely by its covariation with geographic range. The influence of geographic range on extinction risk is manifest across three ecologically disparate bivalve clades. Body size also has strong direct effects on extinction risk but operates in opposing directions in different clades, and thus, it seems to be decoupled from extinction risk in bivalves as a whole. Although abundance does not directly predict extinction risk, I reveal weak indirect effects of both abundance and body size through their positive influence on geographic range size. Multivariate models that account for the pervasive covariation between biological factors and extinction are necessary for assessing causality in evolutionary processes and making informed predictions in applied conservation efforts.A ll species eventually go extinct, and biological correlates of extinction risk have been the focus of many studies of extant and extinct taxa (1-4). Most studies have analyzed biological factors separately, tacitly assuming independence among them. However, few biological characteristics are independent, and unaccounted for covariation confounds causal interpretation, weakens the power of predictive models, and inhibits successful synthesis. In addition, most studies have considered only the direct effects of biological factors on extinction. However, factors can contribute both directly and indirectly through their influence on other more proximal biological characteristics, and thus, accounting for indirect effects can be important when assessing the relative influence of multiple factors (5-7).Here, I investigate the direct and indirect effects of multiple biological factors on extinction risk using the early Cenozoic marine fossil record of the eastern United States. I focus on the contributions of abundance, body size, and geographic range size to the observed stratigraphic range (termed duration hereafter) of species. Measures of geographic range and abundance are commonly used to set conservation priorities (8), and empirical support exists for the influence of both on extinction risk over geologic time scales (9-14). Body size is also widely believed to influence extinction risk, altho...

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“…In addition to geographic range, which is sufficient on its own to explain species survival (81), the presence of long-lived larvae and species richness of the clade confer resistance to background extinction in fossil marine bivalves (78,80). Broad distribution of the clade confers protection against mass extinction (78,80,82,83). In addition, latitudinal distribution affects extinction, with the tropics-especially reef faunas-being subject to repeated upheaval, particularly during mass extinctions (80,84,85).…”

Section: Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of biodiversity and endemism on Indo-West Pacific coral reefs

Reaka

Rodgers

Kudla

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Diversity of the primary groups of contemporary Indo-West Pacific coral reef organisms, including mantis shrimps (stomatopod crustaceans), peaks in the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA), reaches a lower peak in East Africa and Madagascar [Indian Ocean continental (IOC)], and declines in the central Indian Ocean (IO) and Central Pacific (CP). Percent endemism in stomatopods (highest in the IAA, high in the IOC, lower in regions adjacent to centers, and moderate in the CP) correlates positively with species diversity (this varies with scale) and inversely with species body size. Because it constrains reproductive traits and dispersal, body size is a reliable indicator of speciation and extinction potential in reef stomatopods and probably most marine organisms. Assemblages are dominated by small-sized species in the IAA and IOC. Both speciation and extinction likely are high, resulting in especially high endemism (small ranges reflect both originating and disappearing species) in these regions. Rates of speciation exceed extinction, yielding centers of diversity (especially in the IAA). Dispersal slows speciation and extinction in areas adjacent to these centers. Body size declines toward the CP, especially in atoll environments. Here the wheels of speciation and extinction again spin rapidly but in the opposite direction (extinction > speciation), yielding low diversity and moderate endemism. We conclude that life histories, dispersal, and speciation/extinction dynamics are primary agents that mold patterns of diversity and endemism. Historical factors, currents, productivity, and species diversity itself (through ecological interactions) also influence these patterns, in some cases by altering body size.hot spots ͉ stomatopod ͉ life history ͉ geographic range ͉ body size B eing repositories of ancient phyla as well as more recent specialized taxa, coral reefs are among the most spectacular, productive, diverse (per unit area), and threatened ecosystems on earth. Organisms they house provide a critical source of protein for people in many tropical countries, and reefs themselves protect human populations from storm and wave damage. Coral reefs provide aesthetic beauty (and the bioeroded sand on beaches) for tourism-an increasingly important economic resource for developing tropical countries. However, tourism and other uses of reefs must be carefully managed to be of sustainable economic benefit. A fundamental value of coral reefs is that they provide an aesthetic, intellectual, educational, and cultural heritage for present and future generations.Threats to global coral reefs, however, are severe and well documented (1-9). Overexploitation has been identified as an especially serious problem, but other threats include coastal development and sedimentation, pollution, global warming, disease, and ocean acidification. The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network reports that 20% of global coral reefs already have been degraded beyond recovery, an additional 24% are under imminent threat of collapse, and a further 26% ...

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Geographic range and genus longevity of late Paleozoic brachiopods

Cited by 58 publications

References 77 publications

Dispersal has inhibited avian diversification in Australasian archipelagoes

Dispersal has inhibited avian diversification in Australasian archipelagoes

Direct and indirect effects of biological factors on extinction risk in fossil bivalves

Patterns of biodiversity and endemism on Indo-West Pacific coral reefs

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