Geographical genotypes (geotypes) of poliovirus case isolates from the former Soviet Union: relatedness to other known poliovirus genotypes

GYu, Lipskaya; Chervonskaya, E A; Belova, G I; Maslova, Svetlana V.; Kutateladze, Tamar; Drozdov, S. G.; Mulders, Mick N.; Pallansch, Mark A.; Kew, Olen M.; Agol, Vadim I.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-76-7-1687

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…So far, only one poliovirus type 1 genotype has been described for Iran, and another for India and Tadjikistan Lipskaya et al, 1995). Strains belonging to both of those genotypes were also isolated in Pakistan, clusters Bb and Cb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Published studies have mostly been concerned with the genetic divergence of poliovirus type 1 (Rico-Hesse et al, 1987;Kew et al, 1990;Zheng et al, 1993;van Niekerk et al, 1994;Mulders et al, 1995;Lipskaya et al, 1995), while the evolutionary branching of poliovirus type 3 Lipskaya et al, 1995 ;P6yry et al, 1990;Oostvogel et al, 1994) and especially that of type 2 are less well characterized. All these studies have shown great variability of polioviruses and made it possible to find epidemiological links between geographically distant strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic divergence of poliovirus strains isolated in the Karachi region of Pakistan

Huovilainen

Mulders²,

Agboatwalla³

et al. 1995

Journal of General Virology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic divergence of poliovirus strains isolated in the Karachi region of Pakistan

Huovilainen

Mulders²,

Agboatwalla³

et al. 1995

Journal of General Virology

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“…One was represented by a lineage of wild-type (wt) viruses of T geotype (40) in circulation in the territory of the former Soviet Union (FSU) during 1991 to 1995. The other consisted of the strains successively isolated from an immunodeficient patient (IDP) with paralytic poliomyelitis (31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Circulating Wild Poliovirus and of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient: a Unifying Model

Gavrilin

Cherkasova

Lipskaya

et al. 2000

J Virol

132

122

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We determined nucleotide sequences of the VP1 and 2AB genes and portions of the 2C and 3D genes of two evolving poliovirus lineages: circulating wild viruses of T geotype and Sabin vaccine-derived isolates from an immunodeficient patient. Different regions of the viral RNA were found to evolve nonsynchronously, and the rate of evolution of the 2AB region in the vaccine-derived population was not constant throughout its history. Synonymous replacements occurred not completely randomly, suggesting the need for conservation of certain rare codons (possibly to control translation elongation) and the existence of unidentified constraints in the viral RNA structure. Nevertheless the major contribution to the evolution of the two lineages came from linear accumulation of synonymous substitutions. Therefore, in agreement with current theories of viral evolution, we suggest that the majority of the mutations in both lineages were fixed as a result of successive sampling, from the heterogeneous populations, of random portions containing predominantly neutral and possibly adverse mutations. As a result of such a mode of evolution, the virus fitness may be maintained at a more or less constant level or may decrease unless more-fit variants are stochastically generated. The proposed unifying model of natural poliovirus evolution has important implications for the epidemiology of poliomyelitis.Analysis of polioviruses isolated either during a given outbreak of poliomyelitis (30,35,51) or from sequential fecal samples from infected individuals (29, 31, 34) has revealed rapid changes in the nucleotide sequence of the viral 7.5-kb RNA. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting (51) and genome sequencing (30, 34) suggested that, during the epidemic, the nucleotide substitutions ranged from 1 to 2% per year. The molecular basis of such genetic instability, common to all RNA viruses, resides in a high error rate of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, estimated to be, for poliovirus, on the order of 10 Ϫ4 to 10 Ϫ5 substitutions per base per replication (12,70,71), and the absence of proofreading mechanisms for the correction of the errors made. The combination of these properties results in a high heterogeneity (the "quasispecies" nature) of all populations of the virus (8,10,11,63).Less understood, however, are the rules governing the fixation of specific mutations upon passages of a viral population. Generally speaking, a mutation may decrease or increase the level of virus fitness for a particular ecological niche or leave it unchanged. Nucleotide substitutions associated with changes in the "sense" of codons (nonsynonymous mutations) are less likely to be neutral than substitutions resulting in no change of the codon meaning (synonymous mutations). Fixation of mutations conferring a selective advantage is readily understood in the framework of positive Darwinian selection. Adverse mutations may be eliminated by negative selection.The likelihood of fixation of a mutation depends not only on the associated changes in virus fitness but, ...

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“…The amino acid changes associated with individual isolates\strains therefore do not appear to alter the immunoreactivity of various HEV isolates. Evidence of concurrent circulation of more than one genotype of poliovirus was noted in several African countries (Chezzi et al, 1997), the former USSR (Lipskaya et al, 1995), China (Zheng et al, 1993), the Middle East and Pakistan (Mulders et al, 1995). However, both HAV and HEV genotypes appear to be segregated geographically, indicating sustained circulation in a region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from India (1976-1993).

Arankalle

Paranjape

Emerson

et al. 1999

Journal of General Virology

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Geographical genotypes (geotypes) of poliovirus case isolates from the former Soviet Union: relatedness to other known poliovirus genotypes

Cited by 30 publications

References 21 publications

Genetic divergence of poliovirus strains isolated in the Karachi region of Pakistan

Genetic divergence of poliovirus strains isolated in the Karachi region of Pakistan

Evolution of Circulating Wild Poliovirus and of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient: a Unifying Model

Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from India (1976-1993).

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