Geometrical Assessment of Ocular Exposure to Envirmmental UV Radiation -Implications for Ophthalmic Epidemiology

Sliney, David H.

doi:10.2188/jea.9.6sup_22

Cited by 55 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…There are also implications for sun-related eye disorders. The field of view angles for the eye of an upright subject have been reported as 50 o above the horizon to [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] o below the horizon (Sliney, 1999). Receiving planes in this field of view will receive additional UV exposures due to the albedo of the urban surfaces considered in this paper.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured and modelled contributions to UV exposures by the albedo of surfaces in an urban environment

Parisi

Sabburg

Kimlin

et al. 2003

Theoretical and Applied Climatology

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1 SummaryThe increases in the erythemal UV exposures to horizontal planes and to inclined planes over three surfaces that are found in an urban environment (water, concrete and sand) due to the albedo of these surfaces have been estimated. For the cloud free case, the additional daily estimated UV exposures to a horizontal plane have a maximum value of 222 (J m -2 ) ER , where the index after the unit is there to indicate that it refers to a biologically effective exposure. In comparison, the daily erythemal UV exposures over a year to a horizontal plane ranged from 425 to 8,321 (J m -2 ) ER . For a vertical receiving plane that is rotating about a vertical axis, the additional erythemal daily UV exposures for the sub-tropical latitude location of this research for the ranges of solar azimuth angles encountered over the days in each season ranged from 16 to 311 (J m -2 ) ER , 29 to 566 (J m -2 ) ER and 46 to 905 (J m -2 ) ER for water, concrete and sand respectively. The estimated error is ±20% and the calculations are based on clear-sky conditions. The additional erythemal UV averaged over each of the seasons was higher for the receiving plane inclined at 45 o below the horizontal plane. In a similar fashion, the vertical surface has the higher additional erythemal UV exposures compared to the surfaces inclined at an angle above the horizontal.2

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured and modelled contributions to UV exposures by the albedo of surfaces in an urban environment

Parisi

Sabburg

Kimlin

et al. 2003

Theoretical and Applied Climatology

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“…3,6,8,27,28 The reasons may reflect differences in choroidal blood flow (more interconnection of choriocapillaris nasally) and possibly how light affects different areas of the macula, although we found little evidence to suggest light or UV exposure to be associated with the incidence of reticular drusen. 29,30 Inflammation and ischemia of the choroidal circulation have been hypothesized as possible explanations for appearance of reticular drusen. 3,31 The finding of an association of the CFH CC variant, smoking, and the history of use of steroid eye drops with incident reticular drusen are supportive of the inflammatory hypothesis while the lack of a relation with white blood cell count or diseases associated with inflammation (e.g., gout, emphysema) is not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Retinal Reticular Drusen

Klein

Meuer

Knudtson

et al. 2008

American Journal of Ophthalmology

209

246

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Purpose-To describe the prevalence and 15-year cumulative incidence of and risk factors for reticular drusen.Design-Population-based prospective study. Setting: Beaver Dam, WisconsinStudy population: 4,926 persons, 43-86 years of age in 1988-1990, of whom 3,684, 2,764, and 2,119 participated in 5-, 10-, and 15-year follow-up examinations, respectively. Main outcome measures:Prevalence and 15-year incidence of reticular drusen determined by grading stereoscopic color fundus photographs.Results-The prevalence at baseline and the15-year cumulative incidence in either eye of reticular drusen was 0.7% and 3.0%, respectively. The 15-year incidence of reticular drusen varied with age from 0.4% in those 43-54 years of age to 6.6% in those 75 years or older at baseline (P<0.001). In a multivariable model, while controlling for age, risk factors statistically significantly associated with increased risk of incident reticular drusen included (Odds ratio): being female (2.8), current smoking (vs never 1.9), less education (per category 1.7), B-vitamin complex use (vs none 2.5, single vitamin B (vs none 2.9), history of steroid eye drops use (5.9), glaucoma (2.8), and more severe drusen type (e.g., soft indistinct drusen) (1.4) while diabetes (0.1) at baseline was associated with decreased risk. Right eyes with reticular drusen at baseline had higher cumulative incidence of geographic atrophy (21% vs 9%) and exudative AMD (20% vs 10%) compared to eyes with soft indistinct drusen.Conclusions-This population-based study documents the long-term cumulative incidence of reticular drusen, its risk factors, and shows its association with a high risk of incident late AMD. KeywordsReticular drusen; epidemiology; incidence; age-related macular degenerationIn the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy (AMD) Grading System, "reticular drusen" was used to describe retinal drusen that "formed ill-defined networks of broad interlacing ribbons" (Figure 1). 1 Reticular drusen have also been described by others and have been shown to be associated with a high risk of progression to neovascular AMD. 2-8 Most of the Correspondence to: Ronald Klein, MD, MPH, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 North Walnut Street, 417 WARF, Madison, WI 53726-2336, (608) FAX (608) 263-0279, kleinr@epi.ophth.wisc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript observations have been either from case reports, case series, or from clinical trials. 2-8 These lesions have be...

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“…A range of eye disorders, such as cataract, age-related macular degeneration, pterygium, photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis, have been shown to be sun-related (Young 1994;Sliney 1999;Longstreth et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV hazard on a summer’s day under Mediterranean conditions, and the protective role of a beach umbrella

et al. 2005

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Mediterranean beaches are very crowded during summer and, because of the high values of solar UV radiation, the potential risk for human health is relevant. In this study, all-day measurements of biologically effective global and diffuse UV radiation for skin (UVBE(eryt)) and eye (UVBE(pker), UVBE(pconj), UVBE(cat)) disorders were carried out on differently tilted surfaces on a summer's day on a Mediterranean beach. The role played by beach umbrellas in protection from excessive sun exposure was also investigated. Erythema, photokeratitis and cataract seem to require almost the same exposure time to reach the risk threshold dose. Under full sunlight, the highest global and diffuse UV values are reached on surfaces normally oriented towards sunlight and on horizontal surfaces, respectively. Over vertical surfaces, at this northern hemisphere site, global and diffuse UV radiation reaches maxima values in the south-facing direction around noon, while maxima values are reached early in the morning and late in the afternoon over surfaces facing east and west, respectively. The quality of the beach umbrella's protection (efficiency in blocking solar UV radiation) varies with surface orientation; the highest efficiency for our specific site and geometrical conditions occurs over horizontal surfaces, with efficiency being least over vertical surfaces when incident radiation values are still relevant.

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Geometrical Assessment of Ocular Exposure to Envirmmental UV Radiation -Implications for Ophthalmic Epidemiology

Cited by 55 publications

References 25 publications

Measured and modelled contributions to UV exposures by the albedo of surfaces in an urban environment

Measured and modelled contributions to UV exposures by the albedo of surfaces in an urban environment

The Epidemiology of Retinal Reticular Drusen

UV hazard on a summer’s day under Mediterranean conditions, and the protective role of a beach umbrella

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