Geometrical principles of homomeric β-barrels and β-helices: Application to modeling amyloid protofilaments

Abstract

Examples of homomeric β-helices and β-barrels have recently emerged. Here we generalise the theory for the shear number in β-barrels to encompass β-helices and homomeric structures. We introduce the concept of the "β-strip", the set of parallel or antiparallel neighbouring strands, from which the whole helix can be generated giving it n-fold rotational symmetry. In this context the shear number is interpreted as the sum around the helix of the fixed register shift between neighbouring identical β-strips. Using this approach we have derived relationships between helical width, pitch, angle between strand direction and helical axis, mass per length, register shift, and number of strands. The validity and unifying power of the method is demonstrated with known structures including α-haemolysin, T4 phage spike, cylindrin, and the HET-s(218-289) prion. From reported dimensions measured by Xray fibre diffraction on amyloid fibrils the relationships can be used to predict the register shift and the number of strands within amyloid protofilaments. This was used to construct models of transthyretin and Alzheimer β(40) amyloid protofilaments that comprise a single strip of in-register β-strands folded into a "β-strip helix". Results suggest both stabilisation of an individual β-strip helix as well as growth by addition of further β-strip helices involves the same pair of sequence segments associating with β-sheet hydrogen bonding at the same register shift. This association would be aided by a repeat sequence. Hence understanding of how the register shift (as the distance between repeat sequences) relates to helical dimensions, will be useful for nanotube design.

The amyloid concentric β‐barrel hypothesis: Models of amyloid beta 42 oligomers and annular protofibrils

“…Diameters of β‐barrels comprising our models were calculated from the number of strands ( N ) and sheer number ( S ) (related to strand tilt) of the barrels (see Murzin et al 55 for early theory and Hayward and Milner‐White 56 for an extension and modification of this theory to radially symmetric β‐barrels and β‐helices). The latter analysis does not include the P2 twofold perpendicular symmetry present in our models.…”

The amyloid concentric β-barrel hypothesis: Models of amyloid beta 42 oligomers and annular protofibrils

“…Diameters of β-barrels comprising these models were calculated from the number of strands (N) and sheer number (S) (related to strand tilt) of the barrels (see Murzin et al . 40 for early theory and Hayward and Milner-White 41 for an extension and modification of this theory to radially symmetric β-barrels and β-helices). The latter analysis does not include the P2 2-fold perpendicular symmetry present in our models.…”