Geomorphic processes and aquatic habitat in the Redwood Creek basin, northwestern California

Nolan, K. Michael; Kelsey, Harvey M.; Marron, Donna C.

doi:10.3133/pp1454

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Analyses of landslide inventories, such as the example shown in Figures 1 and 2, indicate that landslide areas and volumes have frequency distributions and PDFs (probability density functions) that are heavy tailed for medium to large events. The functional form of this slow (algebraic) PDF right tail decay is generally interpreted as a simple power law [ Brunetti et al , 2009; Guzzetti et al , 2002; Hergarten , 2002; Hovius et al , 1997; Iwahashi et al , 2003; Malamud et al , 2004a, 2004b; Ohmori and Hirano , 1988; Ohmori and Sugai , 1995; Stark and Hovius , 2001], although log normality [ Evans , 2003; Kelsey et al , 1995] and exponential decay [ Sugai and Ohmori , 1994; Sugai et al , 1994] have both been suggested.…”

Section: Landslide Probability Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide rupture and the probability distribution of mobilized debris volumes

2009

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[1] Landslide-driven erosion is controlled by the scale and frequency of slope failures and by the consequent fluxes of debris off the hillslopes. In this paper, we tackle the magnitude-frequency part of the process and develop a theory of initial slope failure and debris mobilization that reproduces the heavy-tailed distributions (probability density function or PDFs) observed for landslide source areas and volumes. Landslide rupture propagation is treated as a quasi-static, noninertial process of simplified elastoplastic deformation with strain weakening; debris runout is not considered. The model tracks the stochastically evolving imbalance of frictional, cohesive, and body forces across a failing slope and uses safety factor concepts to convert the evolving imbalance into a series of incremental rupture growth or arrest probabilities. A single rupture is simulated with a sequence of weighted ''coin tosses'' with weights set by the growth probabilities. Slope failure treated in this stochastic way is a survival process that generates asymptotically power-law-tail PDFs of area and volume for rock and debris slides; predicted scaling exponents are consistent with analyses of landslide inventories. The primary control on the shape of the model PDFs is the relative importance of cohesion over friction in setting slope stability; the scaling of smaller, shallower failures, and the size of the most common landslide volumes, are the result of the low cohesion of soil and regolith, whereas the negative power-law-tail scaling for larger failures is tied to the greater cohesion of bedrock.Citation: Stark, C. P., and F. Guzzetti (2009), Landslide rupture and the probability distribution of mobilized debris volumes,

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Section: Landslide Probability Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide rupture and the probability distribution of mobilized debris volumes

2009

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“…Large storms in 1964Large storms in , 1972Large storms in , and 1975 (with return periods of 20 to 50 years) triggered hundreds of landslides in the Redwood Creek basin, and a storm in January, 1997, which generated a 10-year peak flow in Redwood Creek, activated an additional 261 landslides here. In 1980, about 1500 landslide scars from the earlier period were mapped along Redwood Creek and its major tributaries, and summary results were reported in Kelsey et al (1995) and Pitlick (1995). The researchers measured the surface area of the landslide voids using a tape and rangefinder, and estimated depths by visually reconstructing the original hillslope shape prior to failure and estimating the average thickness of material lost.…”

Section: Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In comparison, the total suspended sediment yield measured at the mouth of Redwood Creek in 1997 was 1,419,000 Mg (about 2000 Mg/km 2 ). Larger storms in 1964Larger storms in , 1972Larger storms in , and 1975 resulted in more than 1800 streamside landslides encompassing 630 ha of forested terrain (Kelsey et al, 1995), and these landslides would have contributed roughly 280,000 Mg of carbon (almost 400 Mg/km 2 ) to the river network.…”

Section: Implications For the Carbon Budgetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redwoods, restoration, and implications for carbon budgets

Madej

2010

Geomorphology

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“…The impacts of erosional and mass-wasting events evolve over time as fluvial transport moves and resorts channel-stored sediment, debris jams decay, riparian vegetation regrows, and large woody debris is recruited to channels (Benda, 1990;Nolan and Marron, 1990;Grant and Swanson, 1995;Hogan et al, 1998;May, 2001;Pabst and Spies, 2001). Conditions encountered in channels subject to pulses of sediment input and transport thus depend on where in time one intersects this trajectory of change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These events can substantially impact channel and riparian habitats. Landslides, debris flows, and consequent debris torrents can scour channels to bedrock and destroy riparian vegetation (Hack and Goodlett, 1960;Benda, 1990;Nolan and Marron, 1990;Cenderelli and Kite, 1998;May, 1998); local deposition from landslides and debris flows can bury or block channels (Nolan and Marron, 1988), create log jams (Hogan et al, 1998), and potentially Forest Ecology and Management 178 (2003) [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140] create conditions conducive to dam-break floods (Coho and Burges, 1993); sediment introduced by mass wasting and extensive gully erosion can alter channel characteristics both locally and over many kilometers, with effects that include channel widening, reductions in pool frequency, fining of bed texture, and increased turbidity (Coates and Collins, 1984;Everest et al, 1987;Nolan and Marron, 1990;Harvey, 1991;Madej and Ozaki, 1996;Montgomery and Buffington, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time, space, and episodicity of physical disturbance in streams

Miller

Luce

Benda³

2003

Forest Ecology and Management

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Storm-driven episodes of gully erosion and landsliding produce large influxes of sediment to stream channels that have both immediate, often detrimental, impacts on aquatic communities and long-term consequences that are essential in the creation and maintenance of certain channel and riparian landforms. Together, these effects form an important component of river ecosystems. In this paper, we describe issues involved in characterizing and predicting the frequency, magnitude, spatial extent, and synchrony of these sediment influxes. The processes that drive sediment fluxes exhibit spatial and temporal variability over a large range of scales. Disregard of this variability can have unanticipated consequences for efforts to quantify process rates, as we illustrate using landslide densities observed for a storm event in western Oregon. Multiple factors interact to create the temporal and spatial patterns of erosional and mass-wasting events that affect stream channels. Fires, in particular, enhance susceptibility to erosional and mass-wasting processes, and thus affect the timing and magnitude of sedimentmobilizing events. We use examples from west-central Idaho to show how fires, storms, and topography interact to create spatially distinct patches of intense erosional activity. We require quantitative descriptions of these controlling factors to make quantitative predictions of how differences or changes in topography, fire regime, and climate will affect the regime of sediment fluxes. The stochastic and heterogeneous nature of these factors leads us to quantify them in probabilistic terms. The effects of future fire and storm sequences are governed in part by the past sequence of events over time frames spanning centuries and spatial extents spanning entire river basins. Empirical characterization of past events poses a considerable challenge, given that our observational record typically spans several decades at most. Numerical models that simulate multiple event sequences provide an alternative means for estimating the influence of antecedent conditions and for quantifying the role of different controlling factors. #

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Geomorphic processes and aquatic habitat in the Redwood Creek basin, northwestern California

Cited by 48 publications

References 66 publications

Landslide rupture and the probability distribution of mobilized debris volumes

Landslide rupture and the probability distribution of mobilized debris volumes

Redwoods, restoration, and implications for carbon budgets

Time, space, and episodicity of physical disturbance in streams

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