Geophysical and hydrogeological experiments from a shallow hydrothermal system at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy: Response to caldera unrest

Bruno, Pier Paolo; Ricciardi, Giovanni; Petrillo, Zaccaria; Fiore, Vincenzo Di; Troiano, Antonio; Chiodini, Giovanni

doi:10.1029/2006jb004383

Cited by 64 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…On active volcanoes, hydrogeological structures are always complex and groundwater flow may be vertically stratified in several layers, which may be connected through vertical water flow along faults and geological discontinuities (e.g., Zlotnicki et al, 1998;Finizola et al, 2002;Pribnow et al, 2003;Bruno et al, 2007). Very often within the hydrogeological structure, one or several hydrothermal systems may be present and supported by the volcanic heat/gas flow rising through the edifice (Finizola et al, 2002;Pribnow et al, 2003).…”

Section: Groundwater Flow In Active Calderasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While rocks are poor thermal conductors and cannot efficiently transfer heat throughout the entire edifice, volcanic gas and superheated aqueous fluids are excellent thermal conductors, which will both draw the heat from the magma and control heat distribution within the volcanic edifice. Consequently, sustained gas, superheated aqueous fluids and heat flux within the ground could generate and support hydrothermal fluid circulation (Finizola et al, 2002;Chiodini et al, 2005;Bruno et al, 2007;Hase et al, 2010 and references therein). In the case of an open system such as at Masaya volcano, where the magma is directly in contact with the atmosphere, magmatic gases are easily evacuated through the open conduit and thus only a small percentage of the total gas flux may escape diffusely through the surrounding edifice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A geochemical and geophysical investigation of the hydrothermal complex of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

Mauri

Williams‐Jones

Saracco

et al. 2012

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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a b s t r a c t KeywordsMasaya Hydrothermal Self-potential Wavelet Groundwater Volcano Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, is a persistently active volcano characterized by continuous passive degassing for more than 150 years through the open vent of Santiago crater. This study applies self-potential, soil CO 2 and ground temperature measurements to highlight the existence of uprising fluids associated to diffuse degassing structures throughout the volcano. The diffuse degassing areas are organized in a semi-circular pattern and coincide with several visible and inferred surface volcanic structures (cones, fissure vents) and likely consist of a network of buried faults and dykes that respectively channel uprising flow and act as barrier to gravitational groundwater flow. Water depths have been estimated by multi-scale wavelet tomography of the self-potential data using wavelets from the Poisson kernel family. Compared to previous water flow models, our water depth estimates are shallower and mimic the topography, typically less than 150 m below the surface. Between 2006 and 2010, the depths of rising fluids along the survey profiles remained stable suggesting that hydrothermal activity is in a steady state. This stable activity correlates well with the consistency of the volcanic activity expressed at the surface by the continuously passive degassing. When compared to previous structural models of the caldera floor, it appears that the diffuse degassing structures have an important effect on the path that shallow groundwater follows to reach the Laguna de Masaya in the eastern part of the caldera. The hydrogeological system is therefore more complex than previously published models and our new structural model implies that the flow of shallow groundwater must bypass the intrusions to reach the Laguna de Masaya. Furthermore, these diffuse degassing structures show clear evidence of activity and must be connected to a shallow magmatic or hydrothermal reservoir beneath the caldera. As such, the heat budget for Masaya must be significantly larger than previously estimated.

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Section: Groundwater Flow In Active Calderasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A geochemical and geophysical investigation of the hydrothermal complex of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

Mauri

Williams‐Jones

Saracco

et al. 2012

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Between 4 Hz and approximately 10 Hz, the probability density functions are rather similar. For frequencies higher than 10 Hz, the large separation between the 5th and the 95th percentiles represents relatively large diurnal variations due to cultural activity but we cannot exclude any further hydrothermal influence (Bruno et al 2007).…”

Section: S E I S M I C Data Q Ua L I T Y C H E C Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These systems crosscut the study area and have been active several times in the past. The geophysical structure below the Solfatara area has been investigated on various spatial scales using different geophysical methods like gravity, electric resistivity and thermal imaging (Petrosino et al 2006(Petrosino et al , 2012Bruno et al 2007;Letort et al 2012;Byrdina et al 2014;Vilardo et al 2015). Recently, Serra et al (2016) investigated the shallow structure of a small part of the Solfatara crater using active seismic methods but their penetration depth was limited to 15 m.…”

Section: T H E S O L Fata R a C R At E R : C H A R A C T E R I S T I mentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D algorithm based on the combined inversion of Rayleigh and Love waves for imaging and monitoring of shallow structures

2017

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S U M M A R YIn recent years, there has been increasing interest in the study of seismic noise interferometry as it can provide a complementary approach to active source or earthquake-based methods for imaging and continuous monitoring the shallow structure of the Earth. This meaningful information is extracted from wavefields propagating between those receiver positions at which seismic noise was recorded. Until recently, noise-based imaging relied mostly on Rayleigh waves. However, considering similar wavelengths, a combined use of Rayleigh and Love wave tomography can succeed in retrieving velocity heterogeneities at depth due to their different sensitivity kernels. Here, we present a novel one-step algorithm for simultaneously inverting Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion data aiming at identifying and describing complex 3-D velocity structures. The algorithm may help to accurately and efficiently map the shear wave velocities and the Poisson ratio of the surficial soil layers. In the high-frequency range, the scattered part of the correlation functions stabilizes sufficiently fast to provide a reliable estimate of the velocity structure not only for imaging purposes but also allows for changes in the medium properties to be monitored. Such monitoring can be achieved with a high spatial resolution in 3-D and with a time resolution as small as a few hours. In this paper, we describe a recent array experiment in a volcanic environment in Solfatara (Italy) and we show that this novel approach has identified strong velocity variations at the interface between liquids and gas-dominated reservoirs, allowing localizing a region which is highly dynamic due to the interaction between the deep convection and its surroundings.

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“…However, crater lakes (Fournier et al 2009) and caldera settings (Bruno et al 2007;Jasim et al 2015) often have portion of the water table sustained by a two phases system (liquid and gas). Similarly, the condensation of magmatic gases (primarily vapour) often feeds the groundwater reservoir (Chiodini et al 2001).…”

Section: Hydrothermal Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater flow and volcanic unrest

Jasim

Hemmings

Mayer

et al. 2018

Advances in Volcanology

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Hydrology around active volcanoes is strongly controlled by the interaction between groundwater, and the fluids, dissolved elements and heat associated with magmatic intrusion. The chemical and mechanical processes associated with magmatic unrest can result in observable changes in the hydrothermal system. Consequently, observations of chemical and physical hydrothermal variations may provide insights into the state of volcanic activity. Additionally, the interaction between hydrological and volcanic systems leads to the presence of high-temperature, pressurised, and often acidic fluids, which add to, and intensify, the volcanic hazard. In the following chapter we present the major components of, and controls on, magmatic hydrothermal systems focusing on the mutual perturbation between the groundwater flow system and the volcanic system. We explore how these conditions can be modified by volcanic unrest and we identify feedbacks between dynamic hydrothermal behaviour and on-going unrest. The interaction between these systems, and therefore the associated monitoring signals, are the result of complex groundwater-volcano coupling within multi-phase flow system in evolving lithologies. Nonetheless, detailed monitoring of hydrothermal and hydrological behaviour can provide insights into unrest and the evolution of hazards at restless volcanoes.

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Geophysical and hydrogeological experiments from a shallow hydrothermal system at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy: Response to caldera unrest

Cited by 64 publications

References 49 publications

A geochemical and geophysical investigation of the hydrothermal complex of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

A geochemical and geophysical investigation of the hydrothermal complex of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

A 3D algorithm based on the combined inversion of Rayleigh and Love waves for imaging and monitoring of shallow structures

Groundwater flow and volcanic unrest

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