organ-specific tissues, [14] patient-specific grafts, [15] tissue model engineering, [16] and drug screening. [17] The most frequently used technologies for 3D bioprinting include nozzle-based and laser/light-based techniques. Extrusion [18] and inkjet [19] are arguably the most common modalities of nozzle-based bioprinting at the moment, while laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) [20] and vat-photopolymerization [21] are the two frequently used for laser/lightbased 3D bioprinting. [22] Extrusion bioprinting involves fabrication on a bioprinting platform using bioinks extruded from one or several nozzle(s) (Figure 1A). The extrusion process may be pressure-controlled, with the bioink entrained by means of pneumatic actuation, or flow rate-controlled with the bioink forced by mechanical impulses through syringes. [23] Solidification of the bioprinted structures as they are delivered is obtained through physical, chemical, or photo-crosslinking. [24] Extrusion bioprinting is relatively inexpensive, straightforward, and convenient. It has been embodied, for example, within handheld and portable devices. [25][26][27][28][29] But such convenience must be traded off against significant challenges. Nozzle extrusion necessarily entails a high level of shear stress near the fluidic channel walls. Excessive shear, particularly in high-viscosity bioinks, jeopardizes cell viability. [30] High-resolution bioprinting often requires small-diameter nozzles. The greater shear required imposes a limit on bioink flow rate and throughput. This problem may be addressed through the use of printable shearthinning biomaterials, [31] for which the viscosity decreases under shear stress. Yet, shear-thinning bioink materials that meet all design requirements are not always available. Further notable challenges of extrusion methods include difficulties in finding stable in situ crosslinking methods for nonshear-thinning bioinks, as well as low printing resolution [32] in relation to other methods, and complications in the fabrication of freestanding constructs. [33,34] These shortcomings have spurred many enhancements, notably co-axial/core-shell bioprinting, [35] described in Section 3.1.3, and embedded bioprinting, [36] in Section 3.1.4.Inkjet bioprinting (Figure 1B), similar to home/office inkjet printing, delivers small droplets of bioink to a substrate and can produce high-resolution voxelated constructs. [37] Unlike the extrusion method, where shear-thinning bioinks with a broad range of viscosities can be used, inkjet bioprinters are mainly designed to work with low-viscosity bioinks. [38] The deposition of droplets/voxels is controlled either by thermal, piezoelectric, Bioprinting, within the emerging field of biofabrication, aims at the fabrication of functional biomimetic constructs. Different 3D bioprinting techniques have been adapted to bioprint cell-laden bioinks. However, single-material bioprinting techniques oftentimes fail to reproduce the complex compositions and diversity of native tissues. Multi-material bioprinting as...