Germanium photodetectors on amorphous substrates for electronic-photonic integration

Abstract

Silicon photonics has emerged as a leading technology to overcome the bandwidth and energy efficiency bottlenecks of standard metal interconnects. Integration of photonics in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) of a standard CMOS process enables the advantages of optical interconnects while benefiting from the low cost of monolithic integration. However, processing in the BEOL requires device fabrication on amorphous substrates, and constrains processing to <450C. In this thesis, a germanium photodetector is fabricated while adhering to these processing constraints in order to demonstrate a proof of concept for BEOL integration.In order to obtain high quality active material, crystalline Ge was grown on Si0 2 by implementing selective deposition in geometrically confined channels. The emerging Ge grains were coalesced to fill a lithographically defined trench, forming the active area of a photodetector. The Ge was measured to have a significant tensile strain of 0.5 %, which was caused by thermal expansion mismatch with the substrate, and concentrated by small voids from imperfect coalescence. The associated resolved shear stress was determined to be below the critical resolved shear stress, verifying that dislocation generation does not occur in this material. The strain was shown to increase the absorption of Ge at long wavelengths, allowing for implementation along the entire telecom window.A Schottky barrier to p-type Ge was developed by the addition of a 1 nm tunneling A1 2 0 3 layer between an Al/Ge metal contact. This successfully de-pinned the Fermi level, creating a barrier height of 0.46 eV. The Schottky contacts enabled the fabrication of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors on standard epitaxial Ge with state-of-the-art dark current densities of 2.1 x 10-2 A cm-2. Gain was observed in these photodetectors, with internal quantum efficiencies (IQE) of 405 %. MSM detectors were also made using Ge on Si0 2 , exhibiting an IQE of 370 %. This is the first demonstration of IQE >100% in a Ge MSM or pin photodetector and proves the feasibility of making high performance active photonic devices while adhering to BEOL processing constraints. AcknowledgmentsFinishing this thesis was more challenging than I expected it would be when I started at MIT nearly six years ago. I doubt I would have been able to complete my PhD if it were not for a tremendous amount of help along the way.My two advisors, Kim and Jurgen have both helped guide me through this entire process. There were some challenges associated with having two advisors. At times I was pulled in different directions as Kim was always more interested in materials development and analysis, while Jurgen was always more interested in final device performance. Ultimately, it was in my benefit to constantly have both perspectives pushing me to have a well-rounded project. It seems as if there is nothing that Kim does not know, and Jurgen has always been available when I knock on his door at a random time seeking his help. They were both crucial to my ...