“…The new individuals of the smallest size category in the three species were marked and incorporated as recruits in the demographic annual field surveys carried out from March 2014 to March 2018. Even though we have carried out experiments of spore germination in the laboratory and gametophyte growth and ecophysiology of the studied species (Flores‐Galván, 2018; López‐Romero et al, 2016; Riaño & Briones, 2013; Riaño et al, 2015; Riaño & Briones, 2015), it was not possible to quantify the spore density in the soil and to identify and record the emergence, growth, and survival of gametophytes and small sporophytes (<15 cm in height) on the forest floor. As in other demographic transition matrix models of ferns (Bremer, 2004; Bremer & Jongejans, 2010; Bucharová et al, 2010), but not those of De Groot et al (2012), we only recorded transitions between sporophyte stages, from young sporophytes to spore‐producing adults, and assumed that the youngest recorded sporophytes came directly from spores of the previous year.…”