No abstract

The diversity, abundance and frequency of vascular epiphytes on the lower trunk were compared between two host groups of a Mexican cloud forest: angiosperm trees (n = 72) and tree ferns (n = 28). The bark of the five most frequent host trees and the root mantle of the two tree ferns were analysed for their thickness, water content, water retention capacity and pH. A total of 55 epiphyte species and 910 individuals were found on the 27 host species. On hosts with a dbh range of 5–10 cm, epiphytes were significantly more diverse (4.3±0.9 species per host) and more abundant (12.5±2.2 individuals per host) on tree ferns than on angiosperm trees (1.9±0.2 species per host and 3.9±0.6 individuals per host). However, these differences were not significant for the dbh class of 10–20 cm, because epiphyte numbers increased on angiosperm trees with larger host size, but not in tree ferns. Most epiphyte species had no preference for any host group, but four species were significantly more frequent on tree ferns and two species on angiosperm trees. The higher epiphyte diversity and abundance on tree fern trunks of the smallest dbh class is attributed to their presumably greater age and to two stem characteristics, which differed significantly between host groups, the thicker root mantle and higher water retention capacity of tree ferns. These bark characteristics may favour germination and establishment of epiphytes.

Alaska to Ecuador mega-experiment shows seeds are more likely to be munched toward the tropics and lowlands, as Darwin predicted.

Las Pteridófitas de Chile continental están representadas por 116 especies nativas (43 géneros, 20 familias), y en Argentina continental por 346 (86 géneros, 27 familias). Ambos países comparten 89 especies (41 géneros, 20 familias). La menor diversidad pteridofítica y el mayor endemismo en Chile (11,2 %) que en Argentina (3,5 %) están relacionados probablemente con extinciones históricas y su actual aislamiento geoclimático. Sin embargo, se destaca que el endemismo en los helechos es cinco a seis veces menor que en Angiospermas. Los géneros con más especies en Argentina son Thelypteris (34), Asplenium (32), Cheilanthes (21), Blechnum (19) e Hymenophyllum (16). Los dos últimos también son los más diversificados en Chile (Hymenophyllum, 18 y Blechnum, 10). En la región estudiada la diversidad muestra incrementos latitudinales opuestos, concentrándose en tres centros, dos subtropicales en el noroeste y noreste de Argentina y uno templado-lluvioso en el sur argentino-chileno alrededor de los 40º latitud sur. Los tres centros de diversidad concentran el 93 % de las especies y el 95 % de los endemismos, compartiendo pocas especies entre ellos. En los centros subtropicales las familias Aspleniaceae, Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae, Thelypteridaceae y Selaginellaceae son sus componentes más importantes, y comparten un gran número de especies con Bolivia y Brasil, respectivamente. El centro templado sur tiene una menor diversidad pteridofítica, pero se hallan en él mayor cantidad de endemismos (77 %) que en los centros subtropicales, a consecuencia de un fuerte aislamiento. Sin embargo, presenta altos índices de similitud e intercambio florístico entre ambas vertientes de Los Andes. Allí las Blechnaceae y Hymenophyllaceae son las familias mejor representadas. Los taxa que presentan una distribución disyunta encontrándose en los tres centros de diversidad, nos indican que la pteridoflora del Cono Sur fue históricamente más extensa y continua, y que sus límites han retrocedido a causa de los impactantes cambios climáticos y geomorfológicos que sucedieron durante el Terciario y el Pleistoceno.

in growth rates. To investigate I measure trunk growth rates, we studied a population of Alsophila firma at Las Canadas, Huatusco, State of Veracruz, Mexico. We measured leaf traits monthly for 26 mo and trunk height at the beginning and end of the study. Alsophila firma showed a unique seasonal pattern of leaf phenology, shedding its leaf pinnules when they are yellow or still green during the wet season, and 50-70% of plants stay leafless for at least 1 mo, after which strongly asynchronous leaf flush occurs. This ?e to evade higher herbivore pressure of the wet season and to t from higher light levels in the understory during the dry season when a proportion of canopy ), and 25% of the plants were fertile. Mean annual trunk growth was 17.1 ± 0.85 cm. Based on "srns (>10 m) are at least 60 yr old.The tree fern families of Cibotiaceae, Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae together comprise over 640 species worldwide (Smith et ah, 2006) of which approximately 180 species occur in the neotropics (Tryon and Tryon, 1982). The neotropical center of diversity extends from the mountain ranges of Costa Rica and Panama to the Andes of Bolivia and Venezuela, with 40-50 species per country. In Mexico, there are 18 species of tree ferns (Mickel and Smith, 2004).Tree ferns are striking elements of the tropical forest vegetation and have attracted attention of ecologists for decades (