Germline and somatic diversification of immune recognition elements in Metazoa

Pasquier, Louis Du

doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.022

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…Lectins represent a large family with a wide variety of evolutionarily conserved structures and some of them have been described as involved in immune recognition (7, 31). Among them, calcium-dependent (C-type) lectins were considered the most promising pattern-recognition proteins involved in the specific recognition of pathogens in the invertebrate immune system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This molecular diversity appears to be an essential basis for developing a fine and specific immune response against a large range of pathogens (7). The diversified arthropods’ Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) generated by different splicing events, the somatic hypermutated snail fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), the C-type lectins, or the sea urchin 185/333 proteins whose diversity is generated by RNA editing and post-translational modifications are the most well-known diversified immune molecules (8–10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Specific Pathogen Recognition by Multiple Innate Immune Sensors in an Invertebrate

et al. 2017

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Detection of pathogens by all living organisms is the primary step needed to implement a coherent and efficient immune response. This implies a mediation by different soluble and/or membrane-anchored proteins related to innate immune receptors called PRRs (pattern-recognition receptors) to trigger immune signaling pathways. In most invertebrates, their roles have been inferred by analogy to those already characterized in vertebrate homologs. Despite the induction of their gene expression upon challenge and the presence of structural domains associated with the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in their sequence, their exact role in the induction of immune response and their binding capacity still remain to be demonstrated. To this purpose, we developed a fast interactome approach, usable on any host–pathogen couple, to identify soluble proteins capable of directly or indirectly detecting the presence of pathogens. To investigate the molecular basis of immune recognition specificity, different pathogens (Gram-positive bacterium, Micrococcus luteus; Gram-negative, Escherichia coli; yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and metazoan parasites, Echinostoma caproni or Schistosoma mansoni) were exposed to hemocyte-free hemolymph from the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. Twenty-three different proteins bound to pathogens were identified and grouped into three different categories based on their primary function. Each pathogen was recognized by a specific but overlapping set of circulating proteins in mollusk’s hemolymph. While known PRRs such as C-type lectins were identified, other proteins not known to be primarily involved in pathogen recognition were found, including actin, tubulin, collagen, and hemoglobin. Confocal microscopy and specific fluorescent labeling revealed that extracellular actin present in snail hemolymph was able to bind to yeasts and induce their clotting, a preliminary step for their elimination by the snail immune system. Aerolysin-like proteins (named biomphalysins) were the only ones involved in the recognition of all the five pathogens tested, suggesting a sentinel role of these horizontally acquired toxins. These findings highlight the diversity and complexity of a highly specific innate immune sensing system. It paves the way for the use of such approach on a wide range of host–pathogen systems to provide new insights into the specificity and diversity of immune recognition by innate immune systems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Pathogen Recognition by Multiple Innate Immune Sensors in an Invertebrate

et al. 2017

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“…These new studies are methodologically sound and, thus, much more convincing than earlier indications of specific immunity in invertebrates. Second, immunologists have, in parallel, successfully identified candidate mechanisms that could potentially provide the basis for specific immunity in invertebrates [3,11,19]; however, none of these have the potential to be as versatile and widespread among invertebrates as Dscam.…”

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confidence: 99%

Alternative adaptive immunity in invertebrates

Kurtz

Armitage

2006

Trends in Immunology

133

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“…They permit the economical building of a large repertoire from a small number of genetic elements. Occurring somatically and at random, they create during one's life an individual repertoire that is the basis for an adaptive response (Du Pasquier, 2006). This evolutionary strategy has been selected several times in evolution (in agnathans, gnathostomes, arthropods, mollusks, and perhaps echinoderms) with variations on the theme: mutually exclusive alternative splicing, DNA rearrangements with or without random somatic mutation, and somatic gene conversion (Du Pasquier, 2006).…”

Section: Toward More Products Than Genes: Combinatorial Associations mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occurring somatically and at random, they create during one's life an individual repertoire that is the basis for an adaptive response (Du Pasquier, 2006). This evolutionary strategy has been selected several times in evolution (in agnathans, gnathostomes, arthropods, mollusks, and perhaps echinoderms) with variations on the theme: mutually exclusive alternative splicing, DNA rearrangements with or without random somatic mutation, and somatic gene conversion (Du Pasquier, 2006). Let us stress the considerable differences between events due to splicing that are not inheritable and those due to DNA rearrangement or mutation that are transmittable to cellular progenies.…”

Section: Toward More Products Than Genes: Combinatorial Associations mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Immune System

Pasquier¹

2014

Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences

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Germline and somatic diversification of immune recognition elements in Metazoa

Cited by 39 publications

References 126 publications

Specific Pathogen Recognition by Multiple Innate Immune Sensors in an Invertebrate

Specific Pathogen Recognition by Multiple Innate Immune Sensors in an Invertebrate

Alternative adaptive immunity in invertebrates

Evolution of the Immune System

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