Ghrelin Enhances Appetite and Increases Food Intake in Humans

Wren, Alison

doi:10.1210/jc.86.12.5992

Cited by 1,020 publications

(788 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Wren et al 7 reported a 28% increase in food intake following a total intravenous dose of 1.4 nmol/kg. In our present study, we administered 3.6 nmol/kg subcutaneous ghrelin and observed a comparable 27% increase in food intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Subcutaneous administration of ghrelin stimulates energy intake in healthy lean human volunteers

et al. 2005

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Background: The gastric hormone ghrelin appears a useful agent to stimulate food intake in people with anorexia of illness. The loss of ghrelin's acyl group renders it inactive, thus it has been thought that subcutaneous administration may be problematic. Objective: To investigate whether human subjects are sensitive to the effects of ghrelin administered by single subcutaneous injection. Study design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects: Sixteen healthy lean volunteers (eight men and eight women). Protocol: Fasted subjects received subcutaneous injections of ghrelin (3.6 nmol/kg) or saline. After 30 min, a buffet breakfast was served. Results: Ghrelin injection increased energy intake by 27% (ghrelin 50767691 kJ versus saline 42307607 kJ, P ¼ 0.04). Ghrelin appeared to enhance the perceived palatability of the food offered (palatability score: ghrelin 81.173.6 versus saline 70.074.4; P ¼ 0.03). Conclusions: These results suggest that subcutaneous ghrelin is effective at stimulating energy intake and improving palatability and may be of direct use in the treatment of appetite loss.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…4 In addition to stimulating growth hormone (GH) release, ghrelin increases food intake when administered peripherally in rodents and man. [5][6][7] Ghrelin has thus been postulated to act as a meal initiator. 4 Chronic ghrelin administration promotes adiposity and weight gain in rodents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcutaneous administration of ghrelin stimulates energy intake in healthy lean human volunteers

et al. 2005

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“…Ghrelin is secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach and intestines. Exogenous ghrelin rapidly increases food intake in rats (Wren et al, 2001a) and humans (Wren et al, 2001b). Indeed, ghrelin is as potent at stimulating feeding as neuropeptide Y. Starvation increases ghrelin plasma concentration and refeeding rapidly decreases circulating ghrelin (Ariyasu et al, 2001).…”

Section: A Role For Cephalic Phase Responses In Appetite and Satiety?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipatory physiological regulation in feeding biology: Cephalic phase responses

2008

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Anticipatory physiological regulation is an adaptive strategy that enables animals to respond faster to physiologic and metabolic challenges. The cephalic phase responses are anticipatory responses that prepare animals to digest, absorb and metabolize nutrients. They enable the sensory aspects of the food to interact with the metabolic state of the animal to influence feeding behavior. The anticipatory digestive secretions and metabolic adjustments in response to food cues are key adaptations that affect digestive and metabolic efficiency and aid in controlling the resulting elevation of metabolic fuels in the blood. Cephalic phase responses enable digestion, metabolism and appetite to be regulated in a coordinated fashion. These responses have significant effects on meal size. For example, if the cephalic phase insulin response is blocked the result is poor glucose control and smaller meals. Cephalic phase responses also are linked to motivation to feed, and may play a more direct role in regulating meal size beyond the permissive one of ameliorating negative consequences of feeding. For example, the orexigenic peptide ghrelin appears to display a cephalic phase response, rising before expected meal times. This anticipatory ghrelin response increases appetite; interestingly it also enhances fat absorption, linking appetite with digestion and metabolism.

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“…[4][5][6] Reduced levels have been reported in obese subjects, 7,8 whereas increased concentrations have been found in patients with anorexia nervosa. 8,9 A preprandial rise 10 and a postprandial fall 11 in ghrelin levels indicate a physiological role of food on ghrelin secretion in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal suppression of circulating ghrelin is normalized in obese individuals following gastric bypass surgery

et al. 2006

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Objective: It has been proposed that the success of maintained weight loss in morbidly obese subjects following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) surgery depends on inappropriately low circulating concentrations of the appetite-stimulating peptide ghrelin, being unresponsive to food intake. In this study, this hypothesis was examined. Design: Cross-sectional study with repeated blood samples in 40 subjects after 14 h of prolonged overnight fasting followed by a standardized mixed meal (770 kcal). Subjects: Twenty men and 20 women were included: 10 middle-aged morbidly obese (body mass index (BMI) 43.973.3 kg/ m 2 ), 10 middle-aged subjects who had undergone RYGBP at the Uppsala University Hospital (BMI 34.775.8 kg/m 2 ), 10 middleaged non-obese (BMI 23.572.2 kg/m 2 ) and 10 young non-obese (BMI 22.771.8 kg/m 2 ). Measurements: Ghrelin, glucose and insulin levels were analysed pre-and postprandially. Results: In the morbidly obese, ghrelin concentrations were lower in the morning than in the RYGBP group and did not change following the meal. In the RYGBP group, fasting ghrelin levels fell after meal intake and showed similar suppression as both agematched and young non-obese controls. The RYGBP surgery resulted in an increased meal-induced insulin secretion, which was related to the degree of postprandial ghrelin suppression. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates low circulating concentrations of ghrelin and blunted responses to fast and feeding in morbidly obese subjects. Marked weight reduction after RYGBP at our hospital is followed by a normalization of ghrelin secretion, illustrated by increased fasting levels compared to the preoperative obese state and regain of meal-induced ghrelin suppression.

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Ghrelin Enhances Appetite and Increases Food Intake in Humans

Cited by 1,020 publications

References 14 publications

Subcutaneous administration of ghrelin stimulates energy intake in healthy lean human volunteers

Subcutaneous administration of ghrelin stimulates energy intake in healthy lean human volunteers

Anticipatory physiological regulation in feeding biology: Cephalic phase responses

Meal suppression of circulating ghrelin is normalized in obese individuals following gastric bypass surgery

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