Ghrelin in neuroendocrine organs and tumours

Leontiou, Chrysanthia A.; Franchi, Gian Gabriele; Korbonits, Márta

doi:10.1007/s11102-007-0023-0

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…[21][22][23][24] Ghrelin is synthesized mainly in the upper third of the stomach with direct and indirect effects in the area postrema, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the nucleus of hypothalamus, and the brainstem, but it also may have direct and indirect metabolic effects on cells outside the central nervous system. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Figure 2. (Top) The appetite visual analog score is illustrated in patients who were randomized to receive high-dose (n ¼ 17) or low-dose (n ¼ 14) ghrelin on an intent-to-treat basis at all available registrations (high-dose ghrelin, n ¼ 42; low-dose ghrelin, n ¼ 30; P < .002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects by daily long term provision of ghrelin to unselected weight‐losing cancer patients

Lundholm

Gunnebo

Körner

et al. 2010

Cancer

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BACKGROUND:The short-term provision of ghrelin to patients with cancer indicates that there may be benefits from long-term provision of ghrelin for the palliative treatment of weight-losing cancer patients. This hypothesis was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study. METHODS: Weight-losing cancer patients with solid gastrointestinal tumors were randomized to receive either high-dose ghrelin treatment (13 lg/kg daily; n ¼ 17 patients) or low-dose ghrelin treatment (0.7 lg/kg daily; n ¼ 14 patients) for 8 weeks as a once-daily, subcutaneous injections. Appetite was scored on a visual analog scale; and food intake, resting energy expenditure, and body composition (dual x-ray absorpitometry) were measured before the start of treatment and during follow-up. Serum levels of ghrelin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth hormone (GH), triglycerides, free fatty acids, and glucose were measured. Health-related quality of life, anxiety, and depression were assessed by using standardized methods (the 36-item Short Form Health Survey and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Physical activity, rest, and sleep were measured by using a multisensor body monitor. RESULTS: Treatment groups were comparable at inclusion. Appetite scores were increased significantly by high-dose ghrelin analyzed both on an intent-to-treat basis and according to the protocol. High-dose ghrelin reduced the loss of whole body fat (P < .04) and serum GH (P < .05). There was a trend for high-dose ghrelin to improve energy balance (P < .07; per protocol). Otherwise, no statistically significant differences in outcome variables were observed between the high-dose and low-dose groups. Adverse effects were not observed by high-dose ghrelin, such as serum levels of tumor markers (cancer antigen 125 [CA 125], carcinoembryonic antigen,. CONCLUSIONS: The current results suggested that daily, long-term provision of ghrelin to weight-losing cancer patients with solid tumors supports host metabolism, improves appetite, and attenuates catabolism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects by daily long term provision of ghrelin to unselected weight‐losing cancer patients

Lundholm

Gunnebo

Körner

et al. 2010

Cancer

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“…Several reports of pancreatic tumors with ghrelin expression (Rindi et al 2002b, Volante et al 2002, Leontiou et al 2007 suggest that ghrelin could be a potential tumour marker to search for in the blood samples, although one report was unable to detect differences in plasma ghrelin between patients with ghrelin-expressing tumours and controls (Corbetta et al 2003), it has been suggested that patients with malignant gastric endocrine tumours should be investigated for ghrelin production (Tsolakis et al 2004). The potential for ghrelin as a novel tool for detecting previously silent tumours is intriguing and needs further investigation.…”

Section: Clinical Importance Of Islet Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The islet ghrelin cell

Wierup¹,

Sundler²,

Heller³

2013

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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The islets of Langerhans are key regulators of glucose homeostasis and have been known as a structure for almost one and a half centuries. During the twentieth century several different cell types were described in the islets of different species and at different developmental stages. Six cell types with identified hormonal product have been described so far by the use of histochemical staining methods, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Thus, glucagon-producing a-cells, insulin-producing b-cells, somatostatin-producing d-cells, pancreatic polypeptide-producing PP-cells, serotoninproducing enterochromaffin-cells, and gastrin-producing G-cells have all been found in the mammalian pancreas at least at some developmental stage. Species differences are at hand and age-related differences are also to be considered. Eleven years ago a novel cell type, the ghrelin cell, was discovered in the human islets. Subsequent studies have shown the presence of islet ghrelin cells in several animals, including mouse, rat, gerbils, and fish. The developmental regulation of ghrelin cells in the islets of mice has gained a lot of interest and several studies have added important pieces to the puzzle of molecular mechanisms and the genetic regulation that lead to differentiation into mature ghrelin cells. A body of evidence has shown that ghrelin is an insulinostatic hormone, and the potential for blockade of ghrelin signalling as a therapeutic avenue for type 2 diabetes is intriguing. Furthermore, ghrelin-expressing pancreatic tumours have been reported and ghrelin needs to be taken into account when diagnosing pancreatic tumours. In this review article, we summarise the knowledge about islet ghrelin cells obtained so far.

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“…The appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) hormone ghrelin is primarily released from the stomach and may promote carcinogenesis and tumor growth through its actions via its receptor that acts as a growth hormone secretagogue. It has subsequently been proposed to have a possible role in the development of neuroendocrine tumors, 108 gastrointestinal tumors 109 and prostate cancer. 110 There are a wide range of studies on metabolic surgery demonstrating the modulation and decrease of ghrelin levels after surgery, 12,111 which may contribute to decreased tumor growth and carcinogenesis in a subset of patients.…”

Section: Gut Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic surgery and cancer

Ashrafian

Ahmed

Rowland

et al. 2010

Cancer

139

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The worldwide epidemic of obesity and the global incidence of cancer are both increasing. There is now epidemiological evidence to support a correlation between obesity, weight gain, and some cancers. Metabolic or bariatric surgery can provide sustained weight loss and reduced obesity-related mortality. These procedures can also improve the metabolic profile to decrease cardiovascular risk and resolve diabetes in morbidly obese patients. The operations offer several physiological steps, the so-called BRAVE effects: 1) bile flow alteration, 2) reduction of gastric size, 3) anatomical gut rearrangement and altered flow of nutrients, 4) vagal manipulation and 5) enteric gut hormone modulation. Metabolic operations are also associated with a significant reduction of cancer incidence and mortality. The cancer-protective role of metabolic surgery is strongest for female obesity-related tumors; however, the underlying mechanisms may involve both weight-dependent and weight-independent effects. These include the improvement of insulin resistance with attenuation of the metabolic syndrome as well as decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in addition to the beneficial modulation of sex steroids, gut hormones, cellular energetics, immune system, and adipokines. Elucidating the precise metabolic mechanisms of cancer prevention by metabolic surgery can increase our understanding of how obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are associated with cancer. It may also offer novel treatment strategies in the management of tumor generation and growth. Cancer 2011;117:1788-99. V C 2010 American Cancer Society.KEYWORDS: metabolic surgery, bariatric surgery, cancer, oncology.The worldwide epidemic of obesity and the global incidence of cancer are both increasing. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is rising by 30 million cases per year, 1 whereas the overall number of new cancer cases will increase by 300,000 cases per year.2 Both obesity and cancer contribute to increased worldwide mortality and healthcare costs. They are now both recognized as global healthcare concerns and have been the subject of worldwide calls to action. 3,4Several treatment strategies have been developed to decrease obesity; these include prevention, lifestyle, behavioral modification, and pharmacotherapy. The weight-loss effects of these strategies have only been marginally successful, 5 and, therefore, a surgical solution has been developed to provide consistent weight loss in severely obese patients. The operations initially titled ''bariatric procedures'' have demonstrated long-term weight loss at more than 15 years after surgery 6,7 ; however in addition, they achieve pronounced metabolic effects including diabetes resolution in the majority of morbidly obese patients. [8][9][10] As a result, these procedures are now considered as ''metabolic'' operations. 10-14The epidemiological association between obesity rates and cancer rates has come under increased scrutiny as there is now evidence to establish obesity as a significant...

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Ghrelin in neuroendocrine organs and tumours

Cited by 35 publications

References 133 publications

Effects by daily long term provision of ghrelin to unselected weight‐losing cancer patients

Effects by daily long term provision of ghrelin to unselected weight‐losing cancer patients

The islet ghrelin cell

Metabolic surgery and cancer

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