Giant Polytene Chromosomes from the Ovaries of a
            <i>Drosophila</i>
            Mutant

King, Robert C.; Riley, Shawn F.; Cassidy, Joseph D.; White, Peachie E.; Paik, Yong Kyun

doi:10.1126/science.6782674

Cited by 62 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Interestingly, the onset of this staining pattern coincides with the beginning of the endo-reduplication cell cycle in nurse cells, during which DNA replication occurs repeatedly in the absence of cell division. We observe these SMC1/3 finger-like projections during early vitellarial stages when the polyploid nurse cell chromosomes exhibit polyteny, the precise alignment of multiple copies of sister chromatids (King et al, 1981). Unlike polytene chromosomes in the Drosophila salivary gland, nurse cell polytene chromosomes are short-lived.…”

Section: Enrichment Of Cohesin Smcs At the Centromeres Of Meiotic Chrmentioning

confidence: 89%

Regulation of meiotic cohesion and chromosome core morphogenesis during pachytene inDrosophilaoocytes

Khetani

Bickel

2007

Journal of Cell Science

134

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During meiosis, cohesion between sister chromatids is required for normal levels of homologous recombination, maintenance of chiasmata and accurate chromosome segregation during both divisions. In Drosophila, null mutations in the ord gene abolish meiotic cohesion, although how ORD protein promotes cohesion has remained elusive. We show that SMC subunits of the cohesin complex colocalize with ORD at centromeres of ovarian germ-line cells. In addition, cohesin SMCs and ORD are visible along the length of meiotic chromosomes during pachytene and remain associated with chromosome cores following DNase I digestion. In flies lacking ORD activity, cohesin SMCs fail to accumulate at oocyte centromeres. Although SMC1 and SMC3 localization along chromosome cores appears normal during early pachytene in ord mutant oocytes, the cores disassemble as meiosis progresses. These data suggest that cohesin loading and/or accumulation at centromeres versus arms is under differential control during Drosophila meiosis. Our experiments also reveal that the α-kleisin C(2)M is required for the assembly of chromosome cores during pachytene but is not involved in recruitment of cohesin SMCs to the centromeres. We present a model for how chromosome cores are assembled during Drosophila meiosis and the role of ORD in meiotic cohesion, chromosome core maintenance and homologous recombination.

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Section: Enrichment Of Cohesin Smcs At the Centromeres Of Meiotic Chrmentioning

confidence: 89%

Regulation of meiotic cohesion and chromosome core morphogenesis during pachytene inDrosophilaoocytes

Khetani

Bickel

2007

Journal of Cell Science

134

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“…The otu gene is one of several genes whose products are required for the determination and differentiation of oocytes and nurse cells (19,21,22,25). Homozygous mutant otu females are sterile and display a variety of abnormalities with respect to oocyte and nurse cell development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The otu gene is one of several genes whose products are required for the determination and differentiation of oocytes and nurse cells (19,21,22,25 gene is expressed, and its product is required, in the germ cells of the ovary (48). Two independent studies have also shown that the alleles otu4 and otu7 are germ cell autonomous (unpublished data [21]).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular localization and developmental expression of the otu locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

Mulligan¹,

Mohler²,

Kalfayan³

1988

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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The female-sterile ovarian tumor gene, otu, is located in cytological region 7F1 on the Drosophila melanogaster chromosome map. We have mapped the gene at the molecular level by using four dysgenic alleles and two revertant derivatives of these alleles as well as an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced allele. The insertional (dysgenic) changes were all associated with one restriction fragment, and its size was restored after phenotypic reversion. One ethyl methanesulfonate-induced allele had a deletion in the restriction fragment adjacent (distal) to the fragment altered in the insertional alleles. These two restriction fragments were immediately adjacent to the s38 chorion gene. Associated with the two altered restriction fragments were two RNA species, an abundant 3.2-kilobase (kb) poly(A)+ RNA and a minor 4.0-kb RNA. Several other less-abundant RNA species were detectable with more-sensitive single-stranded RNA probes. The otu gene was transcribed proximal to distal relative to the centromere; this was opposite to the direction of transcription of the adjacent s38 gene. During development, the 3.2-kb RNA was absent in larvae, first appeared in the pupal stages, and persisted in adult females, in which it was most prevalent in the ovaries. The DNA that hybridized to the 3.2-kb ovarian RNA hybridized to four different RNAs found in the testes but not in the rest of the adult male. These testis-enriched RNAs were transcribed from the same strand of DNA as the ovarian transcripts.Our understanding of germ cell determination and differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis is derived largely from morphological and genetic studies. During oogenesis, a single apical ovarian cell, the germarial cystoblast, undergoes four incomplete cell divisions to produce a syncytium of 16 interconnected cystocytes. One of these cystocytes differentiates into an oocyte (19), while the remaining 15 become the nurse cells that nourish the growing oocyte via intercellular cytoplasmic bridges (8,(26)(27)(28) and provide it with RNAs and proteins that will be required during early embryogenesis (30).Of central interest in germ cell development is the mechanism by which 1 cystocyte develops into an oocyte and the other 15 cystocytes develop into nurse cells. Within a 16-cell syncytium, the number of intercellular bridges varies from one to four per cell, with only 2 of the 16 cystocytes having four bridges. Immediately after the formation of the 16-cell cluster, both four-canal cells enter meiotic prophase (27, 28). However, one of these cells subsequently enters the nurse cell developmental pathway, while the other develops as an oocyte. It therefore appears that four cytoplasmic bridges are a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for determination of oocyte development.We are interested in the early events of oogenesis and specifically in genes that regulate the morphogenesis of the germ cells themselves. The otu gene is one of several genes whose products are required for the determination and differentiation of oocytes and nur...

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“…Journal of Cell Science 116 (6) (King et al, 1981). This gene influences egg chamber formation, the system of actin microfilaments and the transfer of substances from NCs to the growing oocyte (Storto and King, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In D. melanogaster, mutation otu causes formation of polytene chromosomes in NCs (King et al, 1981), which show greater polytenization of heterochromatic sequences than in SGs (Mal'ceva and Zhimulev, 1993;Koryakov et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal tissue-dependent polytenization of a block of chromosome 3 pericentric heterochromatin inDrosophila melanogaster

Koryakov

Domanitskaya

Belyakin

et al. 2003

Journal of Cell Science

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Heterochromatic DNA sequences in the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands are under-replicated in wild-type strains. In salivary glands of SuUR and in the nurse cells of otumutants, under-replication is partly suppressed and a banded structure appears within the centric heterochromatin of chromosome 3. This novel banded structure in salivary gland chromosomes was called Plato Atlantis. In order to characterize the heterochromatic component of Plato Atlantis, we constructed a fine-scale cytogenetic map of deletions with break points within centric heterochromatin (Df(3L)1-16, Df(3L)2-66, Df(3R)10-65, Df(3R)4-75 and Df(3L)6B-29 + Df(3R)6B-29). Salivary gland chromosomes show that Df(3L)1-16 removes the complete Plato Atlantis, while Df(3L)2-66 deletes the most proximal 3L regions. These deletions therefore show a substantial cytological overlap. However, in the chromosomes of nurse cells, the same deficiencies remove distinct heterochromatic blocks,with the region of overlap being almost invisible. Satellite (AATAACATAG,AAGAG) and dodecasatellite DNAs mapped in a narrow interval in salivary glands but were found in three clearly distinguishable blocks in nurse cells. The 1.688 satellite was found at a single site in salivary glands but at two sites in nurse cells. We show that newly polytenized heterochromatic structures include blocks h47-h50d of mitotic heterochromatin in salivary glands, but the additional blocks h50p, h53 and h57 are also included in nurse cell chromosomes. Tissue specificity of the patterns of abnormal heterochromatic polytenization implies differential control of DNA replication in somatic and germline cells.

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Giant Polytene Chromosomes from the Ovaries of a Drosophila Mutant

Cited by 62 publications

References 5 publications

Regulation of meiotic cohesion and chromosome core morphogenesis during pachytene inDrosophilaoocytes

Regulation of meiotic cohesion and chromosome core morphogenesis during pachytene inDrosophilaoocytes

Molecular localization and developmental expression of the otu locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abnormal tissue-dependent polytenization of a block of chromosome 3 pericentric heterochromatin inDrosophila melanogaster

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