Gibberellin Metabolism in Flowering Plants: An Update and Perspectives

Abstract

In plants, gibberellins (GAs) play important roles in regulating growth and development. Early studies revealed the large chemodiversity of gibberellins in plants, but only GA 1 , GA 3 , GA 4 , and GA 7 show biological activity that controls plant development. However, the elucidation of the GA metabolic network at the molecular level has lagged far behind the chemical discovery of GAs. Recent advances in downstream GA biosynthesis (after GA 12 formation) suggest that species-specific gibberellin modifications were acquired during flowering plant evolution. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of GA metabolism in flowering plants and the physiological functions of GA deactivation, with a focus on GA 13 hydroxylation. The potential applications of GA synthetic biology for plant development are also discussed.

Exogenous Gibberellin Promotes the Germination of Phellodendron Chinense Schneid Seeds by Regulating the Expression of Phytohormone Related Genes and Anabolic Proteins

“…This process is affected by plant growth regulators, water, and temperature, among others [24][25][26][27]. The plant growth regulators are divided into ve classes, one of them being Gibberellin (GA), which is a diterpenoid compound, and the most active arti cially synthesized hormone [28,29]. A previous studies showed that the germination rate of Primula beesiana seeds under 15/5℃ treatment was less than 10%, but exogenous GA 3 signi cantly increased seed germination [30].…”

Nocturnal gibberellin biosynthesis is carbon dependent and adjusts leaf expansion rates to variable conditions

“…* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. teffect of time (ZT12, ZT18), leffect of light (NL, LL), t*l, interaction of time and light. The narrow arrow from GA 19 to GA 20 represents the slow reaction rate and the dashed line represent a predicted, but unconfirmed, reaction in planta (He et al 2019(He et al , 2020. B.…”

“…GA 12 is considered the common precursor to all GAs in plants and is further processed into a variety of forms by GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASEs (GA20ox) and a GIBERELLIN 13-OXIDASE (GA13ox). The final step to bioactive GA is catalyzed by GIBBERELLIN 3-BETA-DIOXYGENASE (GA3ox) (Hedden and Thomas 2012;He et al 2019;He et al 2020). In angiosperms, GA 4 , GA 1 , and GA 3 have been confirmed to bind the GIBBERELLIN INSENSTIVE DWARF1 (GID1) receptor (Ueguchi-Tanaka et al 2005;Yoshida et al 2018;Nakajima et al 2006).…”

Cloning, Characterization, and Overexpression in Arabidopsis to Determine the Function of SPL Genes from Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria Vesca)

“…Floral transition is the prerequisite for plants to complete reproductive growth, which is regulated by both external environmental factors and internal genetic factors (He et al 2010). At present, a number of oral induction pathways, such as autonomous pathway (Wu et al 2020), photoperiod pathway (Song et al 2015), gibberellin (GA) pathway (He et al 2020), age pathway (Wang 2014) and ambient temperature pathway (Fornara et al 2010), have been identi ed in various plants. Numerous studies have indicated that these oral induction pathways are not separated but act synergistically to regulate plant owering.…”