GIGANTEA and EARLY FLOWERING 4 in Arabidopsis Exhibit Differential Phase-Specific Genetic Influences over a Diurnal Cycle

Kim, Yumi; Yeom, Miji; Kim, Hyunmin; Lim, Junhyun; Koo, Hee Jung; Hwang, Daehee; Somers, David E.; Nam, Hong Gil

doi:10.1093/mp/sss005

Cited by 52 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…GI acts in the hypocotyl growth repression pathway activated by PHYB (27), which, according to our results, could at least partially be explained by PHYB-mediated activation of GI expression. GI is also known to reduce mRNA levels of the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) during the night when PIF4 contributes to the promotion of growth (41)(42)(43). Loss of GI function in the Col-0 background also enhanced PIF4 expression in our conditions, and the long hypocotyl phenotype of gi-2 required PIF4 activity (Fig.…”

Section: Precise Changes In the Waveform Of Gi Expression Are Sufficimentioning

confidence: 76%

Natural diversity in daily rhythms of gene expression contributes to phenotypic variation

Montaigu

Giakountis

Rubin

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Daily rhythms of gene expression provide a benefit to most organisms by ensuring that biological processes are activated at the optimal time of day. Although temporal patterns of expression control plant traits of agricultural importance, how natural genetic variation modifies these patterns during the day and how precisely these patterns influence phenotypes is poorly understood. The circadian clock regulates the timing of gene expression, and natural variation in circadian rhythms has been described, but circadian rhythms are measured in artificial continuous conditions that do not reflect the complexity of biologically relevant day/ night cycles. By studying transcriptional rhythms of the eveningexpressed gene GIGANTEA (GI) at high temporal resolution and during day/night cycles, we show that natural variation in the timing of GI expression occurs mostly under long days in 77 Arabidopsis accessions. This variation is explained by natural alleles that alter light sensitivity of GI, specifically in the evening, and that act at least partly independent of circadian rhythms. Natural alleles induce precise changes in the temporal waveform of GI expression, and these changes have detectable effects on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 expression and growth. Our findings provide a paradigm for how natural alleles act within day/night cycles to precisely modify temporal gene expression waveforms and cause phenotypic diversity. Such alleles could confer an advantage by adjusting the activity of temporally regulated processes without severely disrupting the circadian system. diurnal | circadian | rhythms | Arabidopsis | GIGANTEA

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Section: Precise Changes In the Waveform Of Gi Expression Are Sufficimentioning

confidence: 76%

Natural diversity in daily rhythms of gene expression contributes to phenotypic variation

Montaigu

Giakountis

Rubin

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Among known circadian clock components, we screened for potential GI interaction proteins using yeast two-hybrid assays and isolated EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4) as a GI interaction partner (Figure S2A). Both GI and ELF4 have a similar circadian phase (David et al, 2006; Fowler et al, 1999; Khanna et al, 2003; Kikis et al, 2005; Kim et al, 2007; Kolmos et al, 2009; McWatters et al, 2007; Mizoguchi et al, 2005; Nusinow et al, 2011; Park et al, 1999; Sawa et al, 2007) and genetically interact to affect similar circadian outputs such as seedling growth, flowering time, and expression of clock genes in a phase-specific manner over a diurnal cycle (Kim et al, 2012). GI localizes both in the nucleus and cytoplasm (Kim et al, 2007), and we performed immunoblot analyses on cell fractions using ELF4p ∷ ELF4-HA seedlings to establish its presence in both the nucleus and cytosol (Figure S2B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ELF4 is known to act upstream of GI in photoperiodic flowering time regulation (Kim et al, 2012), and transient translocalization of GI to the nucleus induces flowering (Gunl et al, 2009). GI protein is destabilized by a complex of ELF3 and COP1 (Yu et al, 2008), and nuclear GI can bind the promoter of CO and FT directly and regulate their expression (Sawa and Kay, 2011; Sawa et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ELF4 Regulates GIGANTEA Chromatin Access through Subnuclear Sequestration

Kim¹,

Lim²,

Yeom³

et al. 2013

Cell Reports

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SUMMARY Many organisms, including plants, use the circadian clock to measure the duration of day and night. Daily rhythms in the plant circadian system are generated by multiple interlocked transcriptional/translational loops and also by spatial regulations such as nuclear translocation. GIGANTEA (GI), one of the key clock components in Arabidopsis, makes distinctive nuclear bodies like other nuclear-localized circadian regulators. However, little is known about the dynamics or roles of GI subnuclear localization. Here, we characterize GI subnuclear compartmentalization and identify unexpected dynamic changes under diurnal conditions. We further identify EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4) as a regulator of GI nuclear distribution through a physical interaction. ELF4 sequesters GI from the nucleoplasm, where GI binds the promoter of CONSTANS (CO), to discrete nuclear bodies. We suggest that the subnuclear compartmentalization of GI by ELF4 contributes to the regulation of photoperiodic flowering.

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“…In turn, the AtELF4 protein is able to bind to the GI protein and target it to subnuclear compartments in the nucleus, sequestering GI from the CO promoter, negatively affecting CO expression levels and decreasing the amount of FT transcript, which results in absence of flower induction (Kim et al, 2012, 2013). Interestingly, our data evidence that the overexpression of GmELF4 caused a substantial reduction in expression of AtFT and AtCO ( Figures 4B,D ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of a Putative Glycine max ELF4 in Transgenic Arabidopsis and Its Role during Flowering Control

et al. 2017

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Flowering is an important trait in major crops like soybean due to its direct relation to grain production. The circadian clock mediates the perception of seasonal changes in day length and temperature to modulate flowering time. The circadian clock gene EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4) was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and is believed to play a key role in the integration of photoperiod, circadian regulation, and flowering. The molecular circuitry that comprises the circadian clock and flowering control in soybeans is just beginning to be understood. To date, insufficient information regarding the soybean negative flowering regulators exist, and the biological function of the soybean ELF4 (GmELF4) remains unknown. Here, we investigate the ELF4 family members in soybean and functionally characterize a GmELF4 homologous gene. The constitutive overexpression of GmELF4 delayed flowering in Arabidopsis, showing the ELF4 functional conservation among plants as part of the flowering control machinery. We also show that GmELF4 alters the expression of Arabidopsis key flowering time genes (AtCO and AtFT), and this down-regulation is the likely cause of flowering delay phenotypes. Furthermore, we identified the GmELF4 network genes to infer the participation of GmELF4 in soybeans. The data generated in this study provide original insights for comprehending the role of the soybean circadian clock ELF4 gene as a negative flowering controller.

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GIGANTEA and EARLY FLOWERING 4 in Arabidopsis Exhibit Differential Phase-Specific Genetic Influences over a Diurnal Cycle

Cited by 52 publications

References 47 publications

Natural diversity in daily rhythms of gene expression contributes to phenotypic variation

Natural diversity in daily rhythms of gene expression contributes to phenotypic variation

ELF4 Regulates GIGANTEA Chromatin Access through Subnuclear Sequestration

Functional Characterization of a Putative Glycine max ELF4 in Transgenic Arabidopsis and Its Role during Flowering Control

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