Ginger Extract Ameliorates Obesity and Inflammation via Regulating MicroRNA-21/132 Expression and AMPK Activation in White Adipose Tissue

Abstract

Ginger is a plant whose rhizome is used as a spice or folk medicine. We aimed to investigate the effect of ginger root extract on obesity and inflammation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed either a 45% high-fat diet (HF), HF + hot-water extract of ginger (WEG; 8 g/kg diet), or HF + high-hydrostatic pressure extract of ginger (HPG; 8 g/kg diet) for 10 weeks. The HPG group had lower body weight and white adipose tissue (WAT) mass compared to the HF group. Serum and hepatic lipid levels of HPG group were lower, while fecal lipid excretion of the HPG group was higher than that of the HF group. In the WAT of the WEG and HPG groups, mRNA levels of adipogenic genes were lower than those of the HF group. Moreover, HPG group had lower mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines than did the HF group. MicroRNA (miR)-21 expression was down-regulated by both WEG and HPG. Additionally, miR-132 expression was down-regulated by HPG. The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity of HPG group was greater than that of the HF group. HPG may have beneficial effects on obesity and inflammation, partially mediated by regulation of miR-21/132 expression and AMPK activation in WAT.

Phenolic Compounds Exerting Lipid-Regulatory, Anti-Inflammatory and Epigenetic Effects as Complementary Treatments in Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Additionally, 6-gingerol significantly decreased hepatic miR-107-3p level, thereby increasing PPARα and CPT1α genes [303]. Kim et al investigated molecular factors involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation of the white adipose tissue (WAT), including miRNAs, modulated by GEx in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet [304]. They reported that GEx reduced body weight and WAT mass, mRNA levels of adipogenic genes, PPARγ, adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and MCP-1).…”

“…Additionally, this report showed downregulated expression of miR-132 and miR-21 in WAT of rats after GEx administration, in parallel with a greater AMPK activity. The authors assumed that the reduced miR-21 and miR-132 levels could be associated with the post-translational regulation of genes involved in adipogenesis and inflammation in high-fat diet fed rats [304].…”

“…Biomolecules 2020, 10, x 23 of 41 translational regulation of genes involved in adipogenesis and inflammation in high-fat diet fed rats [304]. It has been reported that some phenolic compounds such as curcumin, RSV, quercetin, EGCG and genistein can interfere with assays via a number of different mechanisms (are potential pan-assay interference compounds-PAINS) and/or are considered invalid metabolic panaceas (IMPs) [305,306].…”

Mulberry Fruit Extract Ameliorates AdipogenesisviaIncreasing AMPK Activity and Downregulating MicroRNA-21/143 in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

“…The mRNA and miR expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) as described previously. 19 Total RNA from 3T3 adipocytes was extracted using TRIzol reagent (GeneAll Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea). cDNA for mRNA and miR was synthesized using M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea) and miRNA cDNA Synthesis kit with Poly (A) Polymerase Tailing (ABM, Inc., Richmond, BC, Canada), respectively.…”

“…[31][32][33][34][35] We previously found that HHP extract of ginger suppressed miR-21 and miR-132 expression and increased AMPK activation in adipose tissue of obese rats. 19 In addition, Zerumbone, a sesquiterpene isolated from…”