Gingival crevicular fluid CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in patients with stage III grade C periodontitis and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Purpose Periodontal diseases are inflammatory conditions that alter the host’s response to microbial pathogens. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease that affects the incidence and severity of periodontal diseases. This study investigated the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34) in patients with stage III grade C periodontitis (SIII-GC-P) and stage III grade C periodontitis with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (SIII-GC-PD). Methods In total, 72 individuals, including 24 periodontally healthy (PH), 24 SIII-GC-P, and 24 SIII-GC-PD patients, were recruited for this study. Periodontitis patients (stage III) had interdental attachment loss (AL) of 5 mm or more, probing depth (PD) of 6 mm or more, radiographic bone loss advancing to the middle or apical part of the root, and tooth loss (<5) due to periodontal disease. Radiographic bone loss in the teeth was also evaluated; grade C periodontitis was defined as a ratio of the percentage of root bone loss to age greater than 1.0. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), presence of bleeding on probing (BOP), PD, and clinical AL were used for clinical periodontal assessments. GCF samples were obtained and analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results All clinical parameters—PD, AL, GI, BOP, and PI—were significantly higher in the SIII-GC-PD group than in the PH and SIII-GC-P groups for both the full mouth and each sampling site ( P <0.05). The total IL-34 and CSF-1 levels were significantly higher in the SIII-GC-PD group than in the PH and SIII-GC-P groups ( P <0.05), and there were significant differences between the periodontitis groups ( P <0.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that IL-34 and CSF-1 expression increases in patients with SIII-GC-PD. CSF-1 was associated with the inflammatory status of periodontal tissues and T2DM, while IL-34 was associated only with T2DM. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04891627

The evaluation of Interleukin 34, Macrophage colony stimulating factor and Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa ligand levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with periodontitis

“…As a result of these ndings, it can be suggested that IL-34 and M-CSF may have similar functional properties in periodontal disease. Dikilitaş et al reported that there were no differences at IL-34 levels in GCF between patients with healthy periodontium and Stage III Grade C periodontitis, but they were at high levels in periodontitis patients with uncontrolled diabetes [11]. On the other hand, Batra et al [12].…”

“…There are a limited number of studies in the literature evaluating M-CSF in GCF. Dikilitaş et al reported that the M-CSF-1 level in GCF was higher than patients with Stage III Grade C periodontitis and diabetes compared to healthy individuals [11]. Lira Junior et al stated higher levels of M-CSF in the peri-implant sulcus at periimplantitis compared to the peri-implant mucositis, and suggested M-CSF can be a diagnostic marker for peri-implant disease [22].…”

“…This cytokine shares common receptor and binds to M-CSF receptor [10]. Thus IL-34 compensates for de ciencies in M-CSF and plays a complementary role in this relationship [11]. The main function of IL-34 is to ensure the survival, proliferation and differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.…”

Effects of IL‐34 and anti‐IL‐34 neutralizing mAb on alveolar bone loss in a ligature‐induced model of periodontitis

“…Emerging cohort studies have reported that the expression patterns of IL‐34 are dramatically elevated in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from patients with periodontitis (Adamopoulos & Mellins, 2015; Bozkurt Dogan et al., 2021; Dikilitas et al., 2022; Guruprasad & Pradeep, 2018b). Elevated expression of IL‐34 was also identified in multiple myeloma lesions, increasing the rate of RANKL‐mediated osteoclastogenesis, thereby promoting inflammatory osteolysis (Baghdadi et al., 2019).…”

Exploration of the relationship between periodontal disease and skin disease in honor of Gum Day

“…Since 2009’s Gum Day, the Korean Academy of Periodontology has promoted oral health by working with regional public health departments to carry out prevention-focused initiatives as part of a goal to raise public awareness of periodontal disease [ 1 ]. The link between systemic disease and periodontitis has been explored in previous studies [ 2 3 ]. Moreover, national health management programs relating to noncommunicable and periodontal diseases have established a new model of a disease management system [ 4 ].…”