Ginkgo biloba: a living fossil

Jacobs, Bradly; Browner, Warren S.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00290-4

Cited by 141 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It contains approximately 30 kinds of flavonoids (e.g. bilobetin, ginkgetin, sciadopitisin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol) and their derivatives and terpenoids such as ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C and bilobalide [16,17].Tremendous variability of the same product may occur between manufacturers and lots [18]. To minimize intraproduct variation in phytochemical content, all of the G. biloba that was utilized in this study originated from the same batch and lot number of the product.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy volunteers

Lei

Lin

et al. 2009

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Bupropion, an antidepressant and smoking cessation drug, is metabolized to its active metabolite hydroxybupropion almost exclusively by CYP2B6.• Ginkgo biloba is among the most commonly used herbal extract in the general population, and is likely to be used by depressed patients receiving bupropion.• Studies have reported that G. biloba administration to rats markedly increased the CYP content and CYP2B mRNA in the liver, and intake of G. biloba also induced various hepatic CYP enzymes, especially CYP2B-type enzymes.• There may be drug interactions between G. biloba extract and bupropion (CYP2B6 substrate). WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Fourteen-day oral administration of G. biloba extract had no statistically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion or its active metabolite hydroxybupropion, as measured by AUC, which suggests G. biloba does not significantly affect the metabolism of bupropion following a single oral dose in healthy Chinese men. AIMSTo assess the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy volunteers. METHODSFourteen healthy male volunteers (age range 19-25 years) received orally administered bupropion (150 mg) alone and during treatment with G. biloba 240 mg day -1 (two 60-mg capsules taken twice daily) for 14 days. Serial blood samples were obtained over 72 h after each bupropion dose, and used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion and its CYP2B6-catalysed metabolite, hydroxybupropion. RESULTSGinkgo biloba extract administration resulted in no significant effects on the AUC0-• of bupropion and hydroxybupropion. Bupropion mean AUC0-• value was 1.4 mg·h ml -1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 1.6] prior to G. biloba treatment and 1.2 mg·h ml -1 (95% CI 1.1, 1.4) after 14 days of treatment. Hydroxybupropion mean AUC0-• value was 8.2 mg·h ml -1 (95% CI 6.5, 10.4) before G. biloba administration and 8.7 mg·h ml -1 (95% CI 7.1, 10.6) after treatment. The Cmax of hydroxybupropion increased from 221.8 ng ml -1 (95% CI 176.6, 278.6) to 272.7 ng ml -1 (95% CI 215.0, 345.8) (P = 0.038) and the t1/2 of hydroxybupropion fell from 25.0 h (95% CI 22.7, 27.5) to 21.9 h (95% CI 19.9, 24.1) (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONSGinkgo biloba extract administration for 14 days does not significantly alter the basic pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion in healthy volunteers. Although G. biloba extract treatment appears to reduce significantly the t1/2 and increase the Cmax of hydroxybupropion, no bupropion dose adjustments appear warranted when the drug is administered orally with G. biloba extract, due to the lack of significant change observed in AUC for either bupropion or hydroxybupropion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy volunteers

Lei

Lin

et al. 2009

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…Secondary metabolism in plants is affected not only by primary metabolism, but also by the direct regulation of environmental factors (Jacobs and Browner, 2000). Ginkgolides are secondary metabolites in plants, and their level is influenced by integrated conditions including illumination, temperature, and soil moisture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning and characterization of GbMECT and GbMECP gene promoters from Ginkgo biloba

Cheng

Li²,

Yuan

et al. 2015

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Ginkgolides are key pharmaceutical components in Ginkgo biloba. Using the cDNA sequence of the MECP and MECT genes to design primers, we obtained the promoters of these genes from Ginkgo genomic DNA using the genome walking method. The two promoters were 744 and 982 bp in length, respectively. The cis-elements of the GbMECPs and GbMECT promoters were predicted and analyzed using the plant cis-acting regulatory element database. We found major cis-elements in the sequence of the GbMECT and GbMECPs promoters. The GbMECP promoter contains six TATA boxes and eight CAAT boxes. The GbMECT contains five TATA boxes and seven CAAT boxes. Furthermore, some ciselements in the promoters of GbMECPs and GbMECT included hormone and light-regulated elements, UB-B-induced elements, and stress-related dehydration-responsive elements. Expression analysis results showed that the MECP gene is mainly involved in responses to CCC (cycocel) and UV- (2015) B, and that MECT is mainly involved in responses to wounding treatment. These results also showed that the expression model was consistent with the cis-elements present. During the annual growth cycle, the level of GbMECPs was significantly correlated with terpene lactones accumulation in leaves. A fitted quadratic curve showed the best model for correlating GbMECPs with terpene lactones in leaves. These results will help us to understand the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved in key gene expression and ginkgolide accumulation in G. biloba.

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“…Medicinal uses of G. biloba was described in the Chinese Materia Medica more than 2.000 years ago and is used to treat memory and cognitive impairment, for which it has moderate efficacy with minimal side effects. The ginkgo leaves contain many active ingredients, including flavonoids, terpene trilactones (Jacobs & Browner, 2000). Triterpene lactones namely ginkgolides and flavonoids are believed to be associated with pharmacological activities of G. biloba extracts.…”

Section: Diterpenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%