Ginsenoside Content of Berries and Roots of Three Typical Korean Ginseng (<i>Panax Ginseng</i>) Cultivars

Kim, Yong Kyoung; Yoo, Dae Seok; Xu, Hui; Park, Nam Il; Kim, Hyun Ho; Choi, Jae Eul; Park, Sang Un

doi:10.1177/1934578x0900400704

Cited by 45 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Ginseng contains ginsenosides as active components, which contribute to its pharmacological activities [12]. The berry portion of ginseng also contains higher levels of ginsenosides than its root [16]. We also revealed that KGBE used in this study contains high levels of several ginsenosides, including Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, and Rg2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Recent studies demonstrate that ginseng berry exhibits more potent antihyperglycemic activity and antiobesity effects in a mouse model than those of its root [14, 15]. Indeed, the ginseng berry has a different ginsenoside profile and higher ginsenoside content than its root [16]. Thus, the ginseng berry may exert more potent pharmacological effects on various human diseases than those of its root.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginseng Berry Extract Prevents Atherogenesis via Anti-Inflammatory Action by Upregulating Phase II Gene Expression

Kim

Cho

Lee

et al. 2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Ginseng berry possesses higher ginsenoside content than its root, which has been traditionally used in herbal medicine for many human diseases, including atherosclerosis. We here examined the antiatherogenic effects of the Korean ginseng berry extract (KGBE) and investigated its underlying mechanism of action in vitro and in vivo. Administration of KGBE decreased atherosclerotic lesions, which was inversely correlated with the expression levels of phase II genes to include heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutamine-cysteine ligase (GCL). Furthermore, KGBE administration suppressed NF-κB-mediated expression of atherogenic inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1), without altering serum cholesterol levels, in ApoE−/− mice fed a high fat-diet. Treatment with KGBE increased phase II gene expression and suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species production, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory gene expression in primary macrophages. Importantly, these cellular events were blocked by selective inhibitors of HO-1 and GCL. In addition, these inhibitors reversed the suppressive effect of KGBE on TNF-α-mediated induction of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, resulting in decreased interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes. These results suggest that KGBE ameliorates atherosclerosis by inhibiting NF-κB-mediated expression of atherogenic genes via upregulation of phase II enzymes and thus has therapeutic or preventive potential for atherosclerosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginseng Berry Extract Prevents Atherogenesis via Anti-Inflammatory Action by Upregulating Phase II Gene Expression

Kim

Cho

Lee

et al. 2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…Ginsenoside profiles and accumulation patterns can differ based on genotype (Ahn et al, 2008; Kim et al, 2009) and growth conditions (Matkowski, 2008). In this study, we focused on the genetic component of ginsenoside accumulation by using five genetically fixed inbred cultivars, CP, CS, GO, SH, and SU (Kwon et al, 2001; Ahn et al, 2008; Lee et al, 2008) and isolating ginsenosides from in vitro cultured adventitious roots grown under a controlled environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dozens of ginseng accessions have been bred through pure line selection from three local landrace populations (Jakyung, Chungkyung, and Hwangsook) and registered as cultivated varieties (cultivars) in Korea (Kim et al, 2012). These cultivars exhibit different morphological and physiological characters (Kim et al, 2012; Lee et al, 2015), as well as different metabolite accumulation patterns (Ahn et al, 2008; Kim et al, 2009; Lee et al, 2011; Cho et al, 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Five Panax ginseng Cultivars Reveals the Dynamics of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

et al. 2017

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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a traditional medicinal herb that produces bioactive compounds such as ginsenosides. Here, we investigated the diversity of ginsenosides and related genes among five genetically fixed inbred ginseng cultivars (Chunpoong [CP], Cheongsun [CS], Gopoong [GO], Sunhyang [SH], and Sunun [SU]). To focus on the genetic diversity related to ginsenoside biosynthesis, we utilized in vitro cultured adventitious roots from the five cultivars grown under controlled environmental conditions. PCA loading plots based on secondary metabolite composition classified the five cultivars into three groups. We selected three cultivars (CS, SH, and SU) to represent the three groups and conducted further transcriptome and gas chromatographymass spectrometry analyses to identify genes and intermediates corresponding to the variation in ginsenosides among cultivars. We quantified ginsenoside contents from the three cultivars. SH had more than 12 times the total ginsenoside content of CS, with especially large differences in the levels of panaxadiol-type ginsenosides. The expression levels of genes encoding squalene epoxidase (SQE) and dammarenediol synthase (DDS) were also significantly lower in CS than SH and SU, which is consistent with the low levels of ginsenoside produced in this cultivar. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment increased the levels of panaxadiol-type ginsenosides up to 4-, 13-, and 31-fold in SH, SU, and CS, respectively. MeJA treatment also greatly increased the quantity of major intermediates and the expression of the underlying genes in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway; these intermediates included squalene, 2,3-oxidosqualene, and dammarenediol II, especially in CS, which had the lowest ginsenoside content under normal culture conditions. We conclude that SQE and DDS are the most important genetic factors for ginsenoside biosynthesis with diversity among ginseng cultivars.

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“…Ginsenoside Re (Re, C 53 H 90 O 22 ) is the main ingredient of ginseng berries and roots. Remarkably, the amount of Re in the berries was four to six times more than that in the roots (Kim et al 2009). Research in the area has shown that ginsenoside Re exhibits multiple pharmacological activities via different mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro (Attele et al 2002;Liu et al 2012;Xie et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Ginsenoside Re Promotes Nerve Regeneration by Facilitating the Proliferation, Differentiation and Migration of Schwann Cells via the ERK- and JNK-Dependent Pathway in Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

et al. 2015

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Exploring effective drugs that are capable of promoting nerve regeneration has gained much attention. Ginsenoside Re (Re) is the main ingredient of ginseng berries and roots. Research in the area has shown that ginsenoside Re exhibits multiple pharmacological activities via different mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro. But the potential therapeutic effects of Re on sciatic nerve crush injury (SNC) have been little investigated. Herein, we investigated the protect effect of Re on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat SNC model. Walking track analysis revealed that Re treatment significantly promoted functional recovery of crushed sciatic nerve in rats. The expression of PCNA in rat sciatic nerve was up-regulated by Re treatment, and peaked when the concentration of Re was 2.0 mg/kg. Using immunofluorescent staining, we found that Re greatly increased the expression of GAP-43 and S100 in injured rat sciatic nerve. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of Re on proliferation, differentiation, and migration of Schwann cells in SNC rat models. Our studies reveal that Re promotes nerve regeneration is depend on ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 signaling pathway. Elevated Oct-6 expression and featured morphological changes indicated that Re facilitated the differentiation of Schwann cells following SNC. Also, transwell and wound-healing assay demonstrated that the migration capabilities of Schwann cell were significantly enhanced after Re treatment.

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Ginsenoside Content of Berries and Roots of Three Typical Korean Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) Cultivars

Cited by 45 publications

References 11 publications

Ginseng Berry Extract Prevents Atherogenesis via Anti-Inflammatory Action by Upregulating Phase II Gene Expression

Ginseng Berry Extract Prevents Atherogenesis via Anti-Inflammatory Action by Upregulating Phase II Gene Expression

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Five Panax ginseng Cultivars Reveals the Dynamics of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

Ginsenoside Re Promotes Nerve Regeneration by Facilitating the Proliferation, Differentiation and Migration of Schwann Cells via the ERK- and JNK-Dependent Pathway in Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

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