Ginsenoside Rc, an active component of Panax ginseng, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes through an AMPK-dependent mechanism

Lee, Myoung-Su; Hwang, Jin‐Taek; Kim, Soonhee; Yoon, Sun Och; Kim, Myung-Sunny; Yang, Hye Jeong; Kwon, Dae Young

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.022

Cited by 66 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The actions of FMCE were similar to those of AICAR (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside), an AMPK-specific activator. These data are in agreement with recent reports by Lee et al [30] and Benhaddou-Andaloussi et al [31], which demonstrated an increase in cellular glucose uptake as a result of AMPK activation. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-A^yDiabetic Mice

Lee

Park

et al. 2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Antidiabetic effects of Morinda citrifolia (aka Noni) fermented by Cheonggukjang (fast-fermented soybean paste) were evaluated using a T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus) murine model. Six-week-old KK-Ay/TaJcl mice were randomly divided into four groups: (1) the diabetic control (DC) group, provided with a normal mouse diet; (2) the positive control (PC) group, provided with a functional health food diet; (3) the M. citrifolia (MC) group, provided with an MC-based diet; (4) the fermented M. citrifolia (FMC) group, provided with an FMC-based diet. Over a testing period of 90 days, food and water intake decreased significantly in the FMC and PC groups compared with the DC group. Blood glucose levels in the FMC group were 211.60–252.20 mg/dL after 90 days, while those in the control group were over 400 mg/dL after 20 days. In addition, FMC supplementation reduced glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and significantly decreased serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Furthermore, a fermented M. citrifolia 70% ethanolic extract (FMCE) activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-(PPAR-) γ and stimulated glucose uptake via stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cultured C2C12 cells. These results suggest that FMC can be employed as a functional health food for T2DM management.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-A^yDiabetic Mice

Lee

Park

et al. 2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…Previous reports indicated that ginsenoside Rb3 exerted antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, and increased glucose consumption in C2C12 myotubes (16,19). In addition, our previous study demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb3 decreases blood glucose, increases blood glucose tolerance and antioxidants, improves serum lipid disorders and improves insulin sensitivity and resistance in diabetic mice (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Ginsenoside Rb3 strengthens the hypoglycemic effect through AMPK for inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis

Meng

Su²,

et al. 2017

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Ginsenoside Rb3 is one of the major active components in protopanaxdiol type ginsenosides, and has demonstrated anti-diabetic activity. However, the mechanism of this action has yet to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rb3 on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gluconeogenesis pathway. The present study involved the use of HepG2 cells and western blot analysis to systematically evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rb3 on AMPK signaling proteins and key factors of gluconeogenesis [phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase, forkhead transcription factor 1 (FOXO1) and hepatic nuclear receptor 4α (HNF4α)]. The results indicated that 25 µM ginsenoside Rb3 significantly activated AMPK activity, increased the ratio of p-AMPK/total-AMPK, and had synergistic effects with the activator of AICAR on the activation of AMPK. Further analysis indicated that the expression of the transcription factor FOXO1 and HNF4α protein, two important factors in the pathway of HepG2 cell gluconeogenesis, was significantly suppressed by ginsenoside Rb3. PEPCK and G6Pase were subsequently inhibited, which led to the suppression of gluconeogenesis. These effects were partially blocked by the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, which indicated that the inhibition effects of ginsenoside Rb3 on hepatic gluconeogenesis were predominantly due to the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. These data suggested that ginsenoside Rb3 can suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis, at least partially through stimulation of AMPK activity.

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“…Ginsenosides are confirmed to be the main active principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy and have been the targets of much research for their potential health effects, including anti‐cancer (Rb2, Rg3 and Rh2; Kang et al ., ; Yue et al ., ; Luo et al ., ; Ota et al ., ), cardio‐protective (Rb3; Wang et al ., ), anti‐diabetic (Rc; Lee et al ., ) and anti‐oxidant (Re, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2; Xie et al ., ; Kang et al ., , ; Park et al ., ) activities. Nowadays, LC‐MS/MS with triple quadrupole in multiple reactions monitoring mode presents excellent sensitivity and dynamic range for the quantitative analysis of target compounds in plants or biological matrices (Qiao et al ., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of liquid chromatography–ion trap–time of flight hybrid mass spectrometry on the quantitative analysis for ginsenosides

Xing

Xie

Liang

et al. 2014

Biomedical Chromatography

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It is ideal and desirable for a single instrument to meet the requirement of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of complicated components in pharmacokinetic research for herbal medicine. Liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF) was recently confirmed as a very powerful tool for the qualitative analysis of both target and nontarget components in herbal medicines. The present study was designed to investigate the feasibility of LCMS-IT-TOF on quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in biological matrices. A simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure was followed by injection of the extracts onto a C₁₈ column with gradient elution and detection based on LCMS-IT-TOF system in negative scan mode. The developed method was validated with respect to the limit of quantification, linear dynamic range, precision, accuracy, matrix effects and stabilities. All the results suggested that the presently developed method was sufficiently sensitive and robust enough to simultaneously monitor 15 ginsenosides with diverse properties and a large range of concentration differences. Therefore, this method would be expected to be highly useful for comprehensive studies of ginsenosides in complicated matrix.

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Ginsenoside Rc, an active component of Panax ginseng, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes through an AMPK-dependent mechanism

Cited by 66 publications

References 29 publications

Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-A^yDiabetic Mice

Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-A^yDiabetic Mice

Ginsenoside Rb3 strengthens the hypoglycemic effect through AMPK for inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis

Evaluation of liquid chromatography–ion trap–time of flight hybrid mass spectrometry on the quantitative analysis for ginsenosides

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Ginsenoside Rc, an active component of Panax ginseng, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes through an AMPK-dependent mechanism

Cited by 66 publications

References 29 publications

Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-AyDiabetic Mice

Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-AyDiabetic Mice

Ginsenoside Rb3 strengthens the hypoglycemic effect through AMPK for inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis

Evaluation of liquid chromatography–ion trap–time of flight hybrid mass spectrometry on the quantitative analysis for ginsenosides

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Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-A^yDiabetic Mice

Antidiabetic Effect ofMorinda citrifolia(Noni) Fermented byCheonggukjangin KK-A^yDiabetic Mice