Giraffe or leopard spot chorioretinopathy as an outstanding finding: case report and literature review

Bonyadi, Mohammad Reza; Ownagh, Vahid; Rahimy, Ehsan; Soheilian, Masoud

doi:10.1007/s10792-018-0948-5

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Harada et al [ 5 ] reported UES in a 41-year-old man with a marked choroidal thickening of 787 μm on spectral domain OCT and low reflection of the outer choroidal layer, and pointed out that an increase in choroidal thickness may be related to the onset of UES. Jabbarpoor Bonyadi et al [ 6 ] reported a case of idiopathic UES with bullous non-rhegmatogenous RD associated with leopard spot retinopathy. Since the OCT findings in that study revealed subfoveal choroidal thickening, they speculated that it may be categorized as pachychoroid spectrum disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type III uveal effusion syndrome suspected to be related to pachychoroid spectrum disease

et al. 2020

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Introduction: We report a case of type III uveal effusion syndrome (UES) suspected to be related to pachychoroid spectrum disease. Patient concerns: A 42-year-old man became aware of visual field constriction and deterioration of visual acuity in his right eye. Diagnosis: Upon examination, a bullous non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was observed in the inferior 2 quadrants of the right eye fundus, and the subretinal fluid moved with postural changes. The axial length in that eye was 22.36 mm, thus indicating no nanophthalmia. Preoperative indocyanine green angiography revealed dilated choroidal vessels in the posterior pole of the right eye and mild leakage in the late phase. Optical coherence tomography examination revealed choroidal thickening in both eyes. Interventions: For treatment, we first performed sclerotomy, and the intraoperative findings showed no thickening of the sclera. Following surgery, reattachment of the retina was not achieved. Outcomes: Thus, we next performed vitrectomy, which led to successful reattachment of the retina. Lessons: In this case, we theorize that pachychoroid spectrum disease might have been involved in the pathogenesis of type III UES.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type III uveal effusion syndrome suspected to be related to pachychoroid spectrum disease

et al. 2020

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“…In our series, there were no instances of prominent drusen or clumping of retinal pigment epithelium on the surface of the lesion, no cases with prominent clumps of orange pigment or serous subretinal fluid associated with the flat melanocytic choroidal lesion, and no instances of giraffe or leopard spot chorioretinopathy [ 34 ] in the affected eyes. Finding of any of these features should suggest a diagnosis other than isolated choroidal melanocytosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…This disorder is an acquired paraneoplastic stimulation of uveal melanocytes related to an underlying non-melanoma systemic malignant neoplasm (usually a carcinoma) [ 31 ]. The characteristic ocular features of this disorder are relatively rapid onset, bilaterality in almost all cases, diffuse proliferation of uveal melanocytes in the affected eyes, and an unusual associated pattern of giraffe or leopard spot chorioretinopathy [ 34 ]. In many cases, there is accentuated multifocal proliferation of melanocytes rather than uniform stimulation of all uveal melanocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolated choroidal melanocytosis: clinical update on 37 cases

Augsburger

Brooks

Corrêa

2020

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Purpose Isolated choroidal melanocytosis is a congenital melanocytic hyperpigmentation involving the choroid that is not associated with iridic or scleral features of ocular melanocytosis. The purpose of this work was to describe the clinical features and course of a relatively large series of patients with this disorder. Methods A retrospective clinical study of 37 patients with isolated choroidal melanocytosis encountered in a single practice 1986–2018 was done. All lesions were 5 mm or larger in the largest basal diameter, homogeneously melanotic, and completely flat by conventional ocular ultrasonography. Results The 37 patients ranged in age from 2 weeks to 87 years (mean 31.5 years, median 18 years) at initial diagnosis of the melanotic choroidal lesion. Arc length largest basal diameter of the melanotic choroidal lesion ranged from 5.5 to 37 mm (mean 14.6 mm, median 13 mm). The lesion extended beneath the fovea in 18 eyes and to the optic disc margin in 6 eyes. Ten of the lesions straddled the ocular equator, but the center point of all of the lesions was posterior to the equator. The retina was fully attached and appeared normal over the melanotic choroidal lesion in each of these eyes. None of the melanotic choroidal lesions exhibited clumps of orange pigment or drusen on its surface. The lesion was unilateral and unifocal in 36 of the 37 patients. One patient had bilateral choroidal melanocytosis that was isolated in one eye but associated with partial iris melanocytosis in the fellow eye. Three adult patients had a choroidal melanoma localized to the patch of choroidal melanocytosis at baseline. One other adult patient had a choroidal melanoma in the fellow eye at baseline. One pediatric patient had viable unilateral non-familial retinoblastoma in the fellow eye and two adult patients had a classic choroidal nevus in the fellow eye. None of the flat patches of choroidal melanocytosis that were monitored periodically after initial diagnosis expanded appreciably during follow-up ranging from 4.9 months to 15.2 years (mean 5.0 years, median 2.3 years). Conclusions Isolated choroidal melanocytosis is a distinct clinical entity that must be distinguished from broad-based choroidal nevus, choroidal melanocytoma, small choroidal malignant melanoma, acquired bilateral patchy-streaky choroidal melanocytic fundopathy associated with disorders such as cutaneous vitiligo and Waardenburg syndrome, acquired bilateral zonal choroidal melanocytic fundopathy, and diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation associated with systemic cancer. This disorder appears to predispose affected eyes to development of choroidal melanoma arising from the hypermelanotic patch.

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“…Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), commonly noticed in young males with a Type A personality being treated with high doses of corticosteroids, is characterized by a leopard-spot appearance on fundoscopy due to formed subretinal yellowish material in areas of chronic or recurrent neurosensory detachment. 10 Other systemic and ophthalmic diseases that would present with this fundoscopic pattern are large B-cell vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL), 11 uveal effusion syndrome, 12 lymphocytic leukemia, 13 bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) 14 and hypertensive choroidopathy. 15 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical approach in a case of unilateral retinal pigment epithelium dysgenesis and literature review

Diafas

Dastiridou

Mataftsi

et al. 2021

American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports

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Purpose To present a case of unilateral retinal pigment epithelium dysgenesis (URPED) complicated with tractional retinal detachment and macular hole formation, and highlight the successful anatomical and functional restoration following surgical repair. To conduct an updated review of the literature. Observations A 16-year-old asymptomatic female presented with a unilateral atypical peripapillary lesion of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the left eye. At baseline, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 and anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Fundus examination revealed an irregularly shaped atrophy of the RPE adjacent to the optic disc with scalloped border of RPE hyperplasia and a fibroglial proliferation in the overlying retina. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated mild changes of the RPE and the outer retina layers. Three years after initial diagnosis, the patient was referred to our clinic due to blurry vision. Complete ophthalmological evaluation revealed tractional retinal detachment with full thickness macular hole formation. Pars plana vitrectomy with epiretinal membrane removal and internal limiting membrane peeling led to anatomical recovery of the macular area with BCVA of 20/32 at four-months postoperatively. Conclusions and importance This is the first report of tractional retinal detachment and macular hole as rare complications of URPED. Systematic follow-up examinations seem to be essential for the prevention of permanent visual loss, whereas prompt surgical intervention can contribute to visual acuity restoration in complicated cases.

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Giraffe or leopard spot chorioretinopathy as an outstanding finding: case report and literature review

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Type III uveal effusion syndrome suspected to be related to pachychoroid spectrum disease

Type III uveal effusion syndrome suspected to be related to pachychoroid spectrum disease

Isolated choroidal melanocytosis: clinical update on 37 cases

Surgical approach in a case of unilateral retinal pigment epithelium dysgenesis and literature review

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