GIS analyses and favorability mapping of optimized satellite data in northern Chile to improve exploration for copper mineral deposits

Abstract

Data integration and analyses within a geographic information system (GIS) can improve exploration and detection of mineral deposits. We applied a GIS-based analysis and classifi cation strategy of satellite data to the rich and well-explored Eocene-Oligocene porphyry copper province of northern Chile, attempting to recognize the distinctive signature of such giant ore deposits. Imagebased favorability mapping is a supplementary exploration tool and is only applicable to exposed deposits. Additionally, favorability mapping can be used in conjunction with geophysical and geochemical data to improve exploration for buried deposits. The study area covers part of the Central Andean Precordillera with world-class porphyry copper deposits. La Escondida mining district was selected as a training site, because Landsat satellite images are available for preand synmining times. Analyses of geological, structural, and optimized remotely sensed data of this mining area can help to identify some common characteristics of altered rocks and associated porphyry copper ores. To the already known geological and structural setting, optimized Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data, transformed by principal component analysis, inverse principal component analysis, band "ratioing," and spectral mapping of magmatic host rocks, show typical rock alterations for the training sites at La Escondida mining district, Quebrada Blanca mining district, and other areas. These optimized data provide important surface indicators for detection and visualization of altered rocks and mineralization. Optimized images are classifi ed to separate target areas of altered rocks from nontarget areas without alteration. The resulting classifi cations of all image transformations are combined numerically in a favorability map, which shows the spatial distribution of target areas related to hydrothermally altered rocks. This approach, in combination with geological fi eld work, provides a new impetus for exploration strategies and localization of hydrothermally altered rocks with related mineralization. On the basis of these results, mineral exploration can be improved by the use of optimized and classifi ed satellite data in other, less examined copper provinces of similar arid-semiarid climatic conditions throughout the world.

A GIS-based decision-support approach to deepwater drilling-hazard maps

“…Geoscientists have long used maps produced by weighting and combining layers containing information bearing on the likelihood of discovering oil and gas, metallic minerals, and groundwater -known as favorability maps -to identify attractive exploration targets (e.g., Lu and An, 1999;Chen et William C. Haneberg 1 , Joshua T. Kelly 1 , Hallie L. Graves 1 , and Gabriela Dan 2 al., 2002;Harris et al, 2003;Ott et al, 2006;Madrucci et al, 2008). Similar but complementary approaches have been taken to identify and avoid geohazards or other conditions that might have an adverse effect on deepwater oil and gas well drilling, subsea development, and pipeline route determination (e.g., Campbell, 1999;Haneberg et al, 2013;Dan et al, 2014).…”

A comparison of Landsat 8 (OLI) and Landsat 7 (ETM+) in mapping geology and visualising lineaments: A case study of central region Kenya

“…The use of PC can serve as optimized input data for guiding a classification in geology mapping. Ott et al, (2006) implemented such a classification using GIS analysis to implement favourability mapping for the exploration of copper minerals. Other analysis which have been utilized are neural networks (e.g.…”